Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다25055

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1992. 02. 25. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (employer's amendment procedure potentially upheld pending further review)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case arose when Hanjin Shipping (한진해운) amended its rules of employment (취업규칙) to change the severance pay (퇴직금) calculation method to a less favorable single-tier system, prompting employees to demand severance pay under the original method. The Supreme Court (대법원) reversed and remanded the lower court's decision, ruling on the proper method for obtaining employee consent when unfavorably amending rules of employment and the validity of such consent.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Hanjin Shipping (한진해운) unfavorably changed its severance pay (퇴직금) payment method, and employees demanded severance pay be calculated under the original, more favorable method.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that majority employee consent for an unfavorable amendment to rules of employment (취업규칙) can be validly obtained through department-by-department opinion gathering followed by consolidation, not only through a single collective meeting.
  • LessonLesson: When making unfavorable changes to rules of employment, employers must genuinely obtain majority employee consent, but the method of collecting that consent can take various practical forms.
Issues
  • What method(s) satisfy the requirement of majority employee consent when unfavorably amending rules of employment (취업규칙)
  • Whether employee consent to a change in the severance pay (퇴직금) payment method is valid and effective
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, when an employer unfavorably amends the rules of employment (취업규칙), it must obtain the consent of a majority of the workforce. The Supreme Court held that this majority consent does not require a single, collective meeting of all employees—it may also be validly obtained by first gathering opinions department by department and then consolidating them into an overall majority. The Court further reasoned that if employees understood the amendment was intended to remedy legal defects in the existing severance pay system and consented on that basis, such consent should be recognized as valid. This reasoning reflects a practical approach to collective consent-gathering in workplaces with many departments or locations, rather than imposing a rigid single-assembly requirement.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Where an employer changes working conditions prescribed in the rules of employment (취업규칙) in a manner disadvantageous to employees, and there is no labor union organized by a majority of the employees, the consent of a majority of the employees is required, and such consent must be obtained through a meeting-type method; however, this meeting-type method need not necessarily be one in which all employees of a single business or workplace gather together at one time and in one place to hold a meeting. It is also permissible for the method to be one in which employees exchange opinions among themselves by organizational unit or department within a single business or workplace, free from the intervention or interference of the employer, consolidate their opinions for or against the change, and then aggregate these results as a whole.

b. In a case where the retirement allowance payment rate portion of a proposed amendment to the rules of employment was, in content, identical to the existing single-rate retirement allowance system, but the employer included the retirement allowance provision in the proposed amendment for the purpose of obtaining employees' consent so as to validate the existing retirement allowance system, and the employees gave their consent while aware of the circumstances that consent was being sought in this manner to supplement the existing retirement allowance system due to concerns over its validity, it was held that the validity of such consent should not be denied.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,656 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 11 others (Attorneys Kang Hang-sun and 2 others, Counsel for the plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellant] Hanjin Shipping Co., Ltd. (Attorney Yoo Kyung-hee and 6 others of Hanmi Joint Law Office, Counsel for the defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 90Na53796 delivered on June 21, 1991

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal submitted by the defendant's litigation counsel.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below premised its decision on the following: although the authority to draft and amend the rules of employment (취업규칙) belongs, in principle, to the employer, where the amendment of the rules of employment unilaterally changes existing working conditions to the disadvantage of the employees, the consent of the employees who were subject to the previous rules of employment, obtained through a collective decision-making method, is required. As for the method of obtaining such consent, where there is a labor union organized by a majority of the employees, the consent of that union is required, and where there is no such union, the consent of a majority of the employees obtained through a meeting method is required; and unless consent is obtained through such a method, the amendment of the rules of employment has no effect. Based on this premise, the court below rejected the defendant's argument that, since the defendant had amended the previous rules of employment on two occasions, April 1, 1982 and April 1, 1987, into new rules of employment including a non-cumulative (단수제) retirement allowance payment provision with the consent of a majority of the ship's crew employees (육원근로자), and had reported this to the Minister of Labor, the retirement allowance should be calculated in accordance with the non-cumulative payment provision at least from the time of the amendment onward. The court below found, based on the evidence cited, that the defendant company had amended the ship's crew rules of employment on April 1, 1982 and April 1, 1987 respectively, and that the amended rules of employment included a non-cumulative retirement allowance provision stating, "The retirement allowance for ship's crew shall be calculated by multiplying one month's average wage at the time of retirement by the number of years of service. Where there is a fraction of less than one year in calculating the period of service, it shall be calculated on a monthly pro rata basis," and that in the course of each of these amendments to the rules of employment, five worker representatives on the Labor-Management Council, who had received a delegation of authority from the ship's crew employees, had each affixed their names and seals to a written opinion expressing their approval of each amendment proposal. However, in light of the fact that the defendant company had, since the amendment of the retirement allowance payment provision effective January 1, 1972, in fact been paying retirement allowances in accordance with the non-cumulative payment provision, the court below determined that it was difficult to view the employees' consent or ratification at the time of the April 1, 1982 and April 1, 1987 amendments as meaning that they consented to changing, going forward, to their disadvantage, from a cumulative (누진제) payment provision that was premised on being effective until December 31, 1971, to the non-cumulative system, and thus rejected the defendant's argument.

2. However, even where, in amending working conditions provided for in the rules of employment to the disadvantage of employees, and where there is no labor union composed of a majority of the employees, the consent of a majority of the employees is required through a meeting method, such meeting method need not necessarily be limited to a method whereby all employees of a single enterprise or workplace gather together at one time to hold a meeting (in large enterprises or workplaces, such a meeting method would often be practically impossible); rather, it should also be permissible to use a method whereby, by department or unit within a single enterprise or workplace, employees exchange opinions among themselves, free from any intervention or interference by the employer, and consolidate their opinions of approval or disapproval, which are then aggregated as a whole.

Now, according to the descriptions in Evidence Eul No. 5-1 through 5-39, adopted by the court below, it is recognized that, with respect to the amendment of the rules of employment effective April 1, 1987, the employees, by each department or unit within the defendant company, prepared written consents to the amendment of the ship's crew rules of employment, in which each employee affixed his name and seal, consenting to the amendment of the rules of employment and delegating entirely to Non-party 1, Non-party 2, Non-party 3, Non-party 4, and Non-party 5, who were worker representatives on the defendant company's ship's crew Labor-Management Council, the expression of the employees' opinions on the amendment proposal; and that, pursuant thereto, the said worker representatives, Non-party 1 and four others, who had received this delegation from the employees, deliberated on March 30, 1987, and agreed to consent to the amendment proposal. Given that the number of employees who affixed their seals to the written consents in this manner exceeds a majority (the defendant asserts that 399 out of a total of 411 employees did so), if the consolidation and aggregation of opinions by each department or unit, and the deliberation by the worker representatives who received the employees' delegation, were conducted in a state free from intervention or interference by the employer and in accordance with the employees' free will, then it cannot be said that this fails to constitute the consent of a majority of the employees through the meeting method described above.

Meanwhile, looking at the amendment proposal to the rules of employment (Evidence Eul No. 5-38) for which the employees' consent was obtained, it contains various amended provisions, and with respect to the retirement allowance rate for ship's crew, it maintains, without change, the then-current non-cumulative retirement allowance system (which resulted from the amendment to the rules of employment effective January 1, 1972) whereby one month's average wage at the time of retirement is multiplied by the number of years of service, and does not contain provisions premised on the then-current retirement allowance system being a cumulative system that is being changed to a non-cumulative system. Therefore, as the court below pointed out, if the employees consented to the amendment proposal only because they believed the then-current non-cumulative retirement allowance system to be valid and thought that it was simply being maintained as is, then it would be difficult to view this as a manifestation of consent to a disadvantageous change of existing working conditions.

However, according to the record, there had previously been several cases in which some employees who had retired from the defendant company filed lawsuits claiming retirement allowances under the earlier cumulative system, on the ground that the then-current non-cumulative retirement allowance system (amended effective January 1, 1972) was invalid because proper employee consent had not been obtained at the time of its amendment, and these employees won judgments in their favor that became final at the Supreme Court. It appears from the circumstances that the defendant included the retirement allowance provision in the April 1, 1987 amendment proposal in order to render the then-current retirement allowance system valid by obtaining the employees' consent. If the employees consented while being aware of these circumstances—namely, that there was a problem with the validity of the then-current retirement allowance system and that consent was being sought in order to remedy this—then the validity of such consent should not be denied. Accordingly, the court below should have examined whether the employees consented with knowledge of these circumstances.

Now, in light of the fact that the retirement allowance rate system is directly connected to the employees' interests and is a matter of great concern to them, and in light of the fact, as mentioned above, that there had already been many cases in which some retired employees challenged the validity of the then-current retirement allowance system and filed suit against the defendant company and won, there is room to find that the employees were aware of the circumstances that there was a problem with the validity of the then-current retirement allowance system and that the defendant company was seeking the employees' consent in order to remedy this.

Furthermore, as noted above, since each employee had delegated entirely to the five worker representatives on the defendant company's ship's crew Labor-Management Council the expression of the employees' opinions on the amendment proposal to the rules of employment, even if matters such as consenting to an amendment proposal to the rules of employment were not included among the duties of worker representatives under the regulations governing the Labor-Management Council, it should be held that, with respect to the specific matter thus delegated, the worker representatives had authority to represent the employees' manifestation of intent. If the content of this delegation of authority was such that the worker representatives themselves were to review the content of the amendment proposal to the rules of employment and decide through consultation whether to consent, then, so long as the worker representatives understood the purport of the amendment to the rules of employment and consented thereto, it would be difficult to fault the validity of such consent.

The court below should have conducted further examination of the above points before determining whether the employees' consent was valid; however, without doing so, it hastily made the determination described above. This constitutes an unlawful act affecting the judgment due to a failure to exhaust necessary examination, and the argument on this point is well-founded.

3. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded, and it is so decided as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Bae Man-woon
Justice Lee Hoi-chang
Justice Lee Jae-sung
Justice Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 취업규칙에 규정된 근로조건의 내용을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에 근로자 과반수로 구성된 노동조합이 없는 때에는 근로자들의 회의 방식에 의한 과반수 동의가 필요하다고 하더라도, 그 회의 방식은 반드시 한 사업 또는 사업장의 전근로자가 일시에 한자리에 집합하여 회의를 개최하는 방식만이 아니라 한 사업 또는 사업장의 기구별 또는 단위부서별로 사용자측의 개입이나 간섭이 배제된 상태에서 근로자 상호간에 의견을 교환하여 찬반의견을 집약한 후 이를 전체적으로 취합하는 방식도 허용된다.

나. 취업규칙 개정안 중 퇴직금 지급률에 관한 부분이 단수제인 현행 퇴직금제도를 그대로 유지하는 내용으로 되어 있어도 사용자가 근로자들의 동의를 받음으로써 현행 퇴직금제도를 유효화시키고자 개정안에 퇴직금 부분을 포함시킨 것이고 근로자들이 위와 같이 현행 퇴직금제도의 효력에 문제가 있어 이를 보완하는 뜻으로 동의를 구한 사정을 알면서 동의한 것이라면 그 동의의 효력을 부인할 것이 아니라고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.나. 근로기준법 제95조

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,645자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 11인 (소송대리인 변호사 강항순 외 2인)

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 한진해운 (소송대리인 법무법인 한미합동법률사무소 담당변호사 유경희 외 6인)

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.6.21. 선고 90나53796 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 피고 소송대리인들의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은 비록 취업규칙 변경의 작성변경권이 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있다고 하여도 취업규칙의 변경에 의하여 기존 근로조건의 내용을 일방적으로 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하려면 종전 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자들의 집단적 의사결정 방식에 의한 동의를 요하고, 그 동의 방법은 근로자 과반수로 조직된 노동조합이 있는 경우에는 그 조합의, 그와 같은 조합이 없는 경우에는 근로자들의 회의 방식에 의한 과반수 동의가 있어야 하며 위와 같은 방식에 의한 동의가 없는 한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없다고 전제한 후, 피고가 1982.4.1.과 1987.4.1. 두 차례에 걸쳐 육원근로자 과반수의 동의를 얻어 종전 취업규칙을 단수제 퇴직금지급규정이 포함된 새로운 취업규칙으로 개정하고 이를 노동부장관에게 신고하였으므로 적어도 변경 이후부터는 단수제 지급규정에 따라 퇴직금이 산정되어야 한다고 주장한 데에 대하여, 그 거시증거에 의하면 피고 회사는 1982.4.1.자 및 1987.4.1.자로 육원취업규칙을 각 개정하였는데 개정취업규칙에는 "육원의 퇴직금 산출은 퇴직시의 평균임금 1개월분에 근속연수를 곱한 액으로 한다. 근속기간의 계산에 있어서 1년 미만의 단수가 있는 경우에는 이를 월할로 계산한다."는 내용의 단수제 퇴직금규정이 포함되어 있는 사실과 위 각 취업규칙의 개정에 있어 육원근로자들의 위임을 받은 노사협의회 근로자위원 5인이 위 각 개정안에 찬성한다는 취지의 의견서에 각 기명날인한 사실을 인정할 수 있으나, 피고 회사가 1972.1.1.자 퇴직금지급규정 개정 이래 사실상 단수제 지급규정에 따라 퇴직금을 지급하여 왔던 점에 비추어 보면 위 1982.4.1.자 및 1987.4.1.자 개정시 1971.12.31. 이전의 누진제 지급규정이 그 당시까지 유효함을 전제로 하여 향후 이를 단수제로 불이익하게 변경함에 동의한다는 의미로 근로자들의 동의 내지 추인이 있었던 것으로 보기 어렵다고 판단하여 위 피고 주장을 배척하였다.

2. 그러나 취업규칙에 규정된 근로조건의 내용을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 경우에 근로자 과반수로 구성된 노동조합이 없는 때에는 근로자들의 회의방식에 의한 과반수 동의가 필요하다고 하더라도, 그 회의방식은 반드시 한 사업 또는 사업장의 전근로자가 일시에 한자리에 집합하여 회의를 개최하는 방식만이 아니라(큰 사업 또는 사업장에 있어서는 이러한 회의 방식은 사실상 불가능한 경우가 많을 것이다), 한 사업 또는 사업장의 기구별 또는 단위부서별로 사용자측의 개입이나 간섭이 배제된 상태에서 근로자 상호간에 의견을 교환하여 찬반의견을 집약한 후 이를 전체적으로 취합하는 방식도 허용된다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그런데 원심이 채용한 을 제5호증의 1 내지 39 기재에 의하면 1987.4.1.자 취업규칙 변경에 있어서는 피고 회사의 각 기구별 또는 단위부서별로 근로자들이 위 취업규칙 변경에 동의하고 그 개정안에 대한 근로자들의 의견개진을 피고 회사 육원노사협의회 근로자위원인 소외 1, 소외 2, 소외 3, 소외 4, 소외 5 등에게 일체 위임한다는 내용의 육원취업규칙 개정동의서를 작성하여 각자가 기명날인하였고, 이에 따라 위 근로자들의 위임을 받은 위 근로자위원 소외 1외 4명이 1987.3.30. 협의한 결과 위 취업규칙 개정안에 동의하기로 합의한 사실이 인정되는바, 위와 같이 동의서에 날인한 근로자의 수가 과반수를 넘고(피고는 총근로자 411명 중 399명이라고 주장한다) 각 기구별 또는 부서별 의견의 집약과 취합 및 근로자들의 위임을 받은 위 근로자위원들의 협의가 사용자측의 개입이나 간섭이 배제된 상태에서 근로자들의 자유의 의사에 따라 이루어진 것이라면, 위에서 말한 회의 방식에 의한 근로자 과반수의 동의가 있은 것으로 보지 못할 바 아니다.

한편 근로자들의 동의서를 받은 위 취업규칙 개정안(을 제5호증의 38)을 보면 여러 가지 개정 내용을 담고 있는 것으로서 육원의 퇴직금률에 관하여는 퇴직시의 평균임금 1개월분에 근속연수를 곱하는 단수제의 현행 퇴직금제도(1972.1.1.자 취업규칙 변경에 따른 것이다)를 그대로 유지하는 내용으로 되어 있고 현행 퇴직금제도가 누진제인 것을 전제로 하여 이를 단수제로 변경하는 내용으로는 되어 있지 않으므로, 근로자들이 단수제의 현행 퇴직금제도가 유효한 것으로 알고 이를 그대로 유지하는 것으로만 생각하여 위 취업규칙 개정안에 동의한 것이라면 기존의 근로조건의 불이익한 변경에 대한 동의의 의사표시라고 보기 어려움은 원심이 지적하는 바와 같다.

그러나 기록에 의하면 과거에 피고 회사로부터 퇴직한 일부 근로자들이 단수제의 현행 퇴직금제도(1972.1.1.자 개정)는 개정시에 적법한 근로자들의 동의를 받지 못하여 무효라는 이유로 그 전의 누진제에 의한 퇴직금청구소송을 제기하여 승소판결을 받아 대법원에서 확정된 사건이 여러 건 있었으므로 피고로서는 근로자들의 동의를 받음으로써 현행 퇴직금제도를 유효화시키고자 위 1987.4.1.자 개정안에 퇴직금부분을 포함시킨 사정이 엿보이는바, 근로자들이 위와 같은 사정, 즉 현행 퇴직금제도의 효력에 문제가 있어 이를 보완하는 뜻으로 동의를 구하는 것이라는 사정을 알면서 이에 동의한 것이라면 이러한 동의의 효력을 부인할 것이 아니므로, 원심으로서는 근로자들이 위와 같은 사정을 알고 동의한 것인지의 여부를 살펴보았어야 할 것이다.

그런데 퇴직금의 지급률제도는 근로자들의 이해관계와 직결된 것으로서 근로자들의 관심이 많은 문제라는 점과 앞에서도 언급한 바와 같이 이미 일부 퇴직근로자들이 현행 퇴직금제도의 효력을 문제삼아 피고 회사를 상대로 제소하여 승소한 사례가 많았던 점 등에 비추어 보면 근로자들로서도 현행 퇴직금제도의 효력에 문제가 있어 피고 회사가 이를 보완하는 뜻으로 근로자들의 동의를 구하는 것이라는 사정을 알았다고 볼 여지가 없지 않다.

뿐만 아니라 위에서 본 바와 같이 각 근로자들은 위 취업규칙 개정안에 대한 근로자의 의견개진을 피고 회사 육원노사협의회 근로자위원 5인에게 일체 위임한 바 있으므로, 비록 노사협의회의 규정에 의한 근로자위원의 업무 중에 취업규칙 개정안의 동의와 같은 사항은 포함되어 있지 않다고 하여도 위와 같이 위임받은 특정사항에 관하여는 근로자들의 의사표시를 대리할 권한이 있다고 할 것인바, 그 대리권 위임의 내용이 위 근로자위원 자신들이 취업규칙개정안의 내용을 검토하여 동의 여부를 협의 결정하도록 위임한 것이라면 위 근로자위원들이 위 취업규칙 개정의 취지를 알고 이에 동의한 이상 그 동의의 효력을 탓하기는 어려울 것이다.

원심으로서는 위와 같은 점들에 관하여 좀더 심리해 본 다음 근로자들의 동의의 효력 유무를 판단하였어야 함에도 불구하고 이에 이름이 없이 만연히 위와 같이 판단하고 말았음은 심리미진으로 판결에 영향을 미친 위법을 저지른 것으로서 이 점에 관한 논지는 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 배만운(재판장) 이회창 이재성 김석수

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