Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 92다3670

Invalidity of Dismissal (해고무효)해고무효

Decided1992. 05. 26. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — while the dismissal itself was found invalid as an unfair dismissal, the workers' lawsuit to confirm its invalidity was ultimately barred under the doctrine of forfeiture of rights due to their decade-long delay in asserting their rights.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

During a 1980 National Assembly audit (국정감사), the employer forced certain workers who had no genuine intention to resign to submit resignation letters, then selectively dismissed them under the guise of voluntary resignation. While the Supreme Court found this dismissal to be an unfair dismissal (부당해고) and therefore invalid, it ultimately ruled that the workers could not bring a lawsuit to confirm the dismissal's invalidity, because they had accepted severance pay (퇴직금) and compensation for ten years without asserting their rights, triggering the doctrine of laches/forfeiture of rights (실효의 원칙).

Key takeaways
  • CaseDuring a 1980 National Assembly audit, the company forced employees who had no intention to resign to sign resignation letters and then selectively dismissed them.
  • OutcomeThe dismissal was ruled invalid as unfair, but because the workers accepted severance pay for ten years without asserting their rights, their lawsuit to confirm the dismissal's invalidity was barred under the doctrine of forfeiture of rights.
  • LessonEven if you accept severance pay after an unfair dismissal, you should assert your legal rights as soon as possible, since prolonged inaction can result in the permanent loss of your right to challenge the dismissal.
Issues
  • The legal effect of a resignation declared without genuine intent to resign (진의 아닌 사직의 의사표시)
  • Whether selectively processing employees as voluntary resignations constitutes a de facto dismissal
  • The requirements for applying the doctrine of forfeiture of rights (실효의 원칙)
  • The principle of good faith (신의성실의 원칙) in the exercise of legal rights
Key reasoning

The Court held that forcing an employee without genuine intent to resign into submitting a resignation letter, followed by selective dismissal, constitutes an unfair dismissal (부당해고) and is legally invalid. However, the Court also applied the doctrine of forfeiture of rights (실효의 원칙), a principle rooted in good faith (신의성실의 원칙), which bars a party from asserting a right after an extended period of inaction that reasonably leads the other party to believe the right will not be exercised. Here, the workers received severance pay and compensation for a full decade without raising any objection or asserting their rights. This prolonged silence created a legitimate and reasonable expectation on the employer's part that the matter was settled. Consequently, even though the underlying dismissal was unlawful, allowing the workers to revive their claim after ten years of inaction would unfairly upset the employer's justified reliance, and therefore the lawsuit was barred under the doctrine of forfeiture of rights.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[a.] Where employees, though merely borrowing the form of a voluntary resignation, in fact made a declaration of resignation that was not their genuine intention in accordance with the employer's instructions, and the employer accepted such declaration of resignation while being aware of these circumstances, such declaration of resignation falls under Article 107 of the Civil Act (민법) and shall be deemed void; and where the employer, having caused employees who had no intention to resign to inevitably prepare and submit letters of resignation, then selectively accepted only some of them and processed them as voluntary resignations, such measure constitutes a dismissal made without justifiable cause or without lawful procedure, and is void as a matter of course as being in violation of mandatory statutory provisions such as Article 27 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

[b.] In general, the exercise of a right must be carried out in good faith and sincerity, and a right must not be abused; therefore, where the holder of a right, despite having had an actual opportunity to exercise the right, fails to exercise it for a considerable period of time, such that the other party, who is the obligor, comes to have a legitimate expectation and trust that the right holder will no longer exercise the right, and where the belated exercise of the right thereafter is found to violate the principle of good faith that governs the entire legal order, the exercise of such right shall not be permitted pursuant to the so-called doctrine of loss of right through disuse (실효의 원칙).

[c.] The length of the period during which the right was not exercised (the period of forfeiture) and whether the obligor, as the other party, had a legitimate reason to trust that the right would not be exercised, which are the requirements necessary for the application of the doctrine of loss of right through disuse, cannot be determined uniformly; rather, in each specific case, the length of the period during which the right was not exercised, together with the circumstances on both the right holder's side and the other party's side, as well as objectively existing circumstances, must all be taken into consideration, and a reasonable determination must be made in accordance with common social norms.

[d.] Held that, where employees, immediately after their dismissal, claimed and received retirement allowances, and then, nine years later, further received compensation money under the Special Measures Act on Compensation, etc. for Public Officials Dismissed in 1980 (1980년해직공무원의보상등에관한특별조치법), and where nearly ten years had passed since the date of dismissal, during which the employer, believing the dismissal disposition to be valid, had built a new personnel system on that premise and had been managing and operating its organization accordingly, the belated filing of a lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal disposition is contrary to the principle of good faith or is not permitted pursuant to the doctrine of loss of right through disuse.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,230 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees]

[Defendant, Appellant] Busan Joint Fish Market, Attorney Jang Ho, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 91Na4577 rendered on December 19, 1991

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Busan High Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

(1) This case concerns the Plaintiffs, who were employees of the Defendant around 1980. Beginning around July of that year, in accordance with the policy of establishing discipline among public officials and executives/employees of government-invested institutions and purging those guilty of misconduct, initiated under the auspices of the National Defense Emergency Countermeasures Committee (국가보위비상대책위원회), the Plaintiffs were made to submit letters of resignation and were处理된 as voluntarily retired on July 19 of that year. The court below found, based on the evidence presented, the following facts: that, with respect to the Defendant, the aforementioned purification plan was carried out by having the Fisheries Agency Director (수산청장), the supervisory authority, instruct the Defendant to select and dismiss a certain number of its executives and employees; that on July 15 and 16 of that year, all employees, including the Plaintiffs, were made to submit letters of resignation en masse; that after receiving these, the persons to be dismissed were selected, this was reported to and approved by the aforementioned Committee, and the process was carried out in the form of accepting the resignations; that the Plaintiffs had no actual intention to resign but, intimidated by the oppressive social atmosphere of the time, had no choice but to submit letters of resignation along with the other employees; and that the Defendant accepted the resignations only of those Plaintiffs selected as subjects of dismissal and processed them as voluntary retirements. The court below further found that, under the Defendant's personnel management regulations then in effect, an employee could not be demoted in salary, placed on leave, suspended, or dismissed against his or her will except by sentence of a court, disciplinary action, or grounds specified in the regulations (Article 28, Paragraph 2), and that disciplinary action against an employee required a resolution of the Personnel Committee (Article 38, Paragraph 1); however, the dismissal of the Plaintiffs was processed as voluntary retirement without following any of these procedures at all. Based on these findings, the court below held that the Plaintiffs, although the form of voluntary retirement was used, had in fact expressed an intention to resign not reflecting their true intent, in accordance with the Defendant's instructions, and that the Defendant, knowing these circumstances, accepted the expressions of intent to resign; therefore, the expressions of intent to resign fell under Article 107 of the Civil Act (민법) and were void. The court below further held that where an employer causes employees who have no intention to resign to unavoidably prepare and submit letters of resignation, and then selectively accepts only some of these and processes them as voluntary retirements, this is, in substance, a termination of the employment relationship by the unilateral intention of the employer and thus constitutes a dismissal; and that, as a dismissal carried out without justifiable cause or proper procedure, it violates the mandatory provisions of Article 27, etc. of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and is therefore void as a matter of course. Upon examination of the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below as set out above are justified, and there is no error of misapprehension of the rules of evidence resulting in mistake of fact, or misapprehension of the legal principles concerning Article 107 of the Civil Act, as argued in the grounds of appeal. Accordingly, the ground of appeal disputing this portion is without merit.

(2) With respect to the Defendant's argument that: the Plaintiffs, without raising any objection after the aforementioned dismissal disposition, received the full amount of severance pay from the Defendant, thereby ratifying the dismissal disposition; and that even if this were not so, since the Plaintiffs, around December 1989, received compensation under the "Special Act on Compensation, etc. for Public Officials Dismissed in 1980" (1980년해직공무원의보상등에관한특별조치법), and since more than 9 years have now passed since the employment relationship with the Defendant was effectively terminated, such that it is difficult to expect the cooperation necessary between the Plaintiffs and Defendant for the revival of the employment relationship, the employment relationship between the Plaintiffs and Defendant should be regarded as having been completely liquidated and terminated upon the Plaintiffs' receipt of the said compensation — the court below found, based on the evidence presented, that the Plaintiffs did receive severance pay and compensation under the Special Act after the dismissal disposition, but that there was no evidence sufficient to establish that the Plaintiffs ratified the dismissal disposition by receiving severance pay without any objection; and further held that the mere fact that more than 9 years had passed from the time of the dismissal disposition against the Plaintiffs to the present did not, by itself, warrant a finding that it was difficult to expect the cooperation necessary for reviving the employment relationship, and that the compensation under the Special Act was not premised on the liquidation of the employment relationship. On these grounds, the court below rejected the Defendant's argument.

However, the exercise of a right must generally be done in good faith, and a right must not be abused; accordingly, where a right holder, despite having had an actual opportunity to exercise the right, fails to exercise it for a considerable period of time, such that the obligor, the counterparty, comes to have a legitimate expectation that the right holder will no longer exercise the right, and where the belated exercise of that right under such circumstances would be recognized as violating the principle of good faith governing the legal order as a whole, the exercise of such right is not to be permitted, in accordance with the so-called doctrine of laches (실효의 원칙). As for the requirements necessary for the application of this doctrine of laches — namely, the length of the period during which the right was not exercised, and whether there existed a legitimate reason for the obligor, the counterparty, to trust that the right would not be exercised — these cannot be determined uniformly, but must be reasonably determined in accordance with common social understanding in each specific case, taking into account not only the length of the period during which the right was not exercised, but also all the circumstances on the part of both the right holder and the counterparty, as well as objectively existing circumstances (see this Court's Decision 91Da30118 rendered on January 21, 1992). As noted above, the Plaintiffs, after being dismissed on July 19, 1980, immediately claimed and received severance pay, and then, 9 years later, around December 1989, further received compensation under the "Special Act on Compensation for Dismissed Public Officials" (해직공무원보상에관한특별조치법). Given that nearly 10 years had passed since the date of dismissal, during which the Defendant, believing the dismissal disposition against the Plaintiffs to be valid, established a new personnel system on that premise and has been managing and operating its organization accordingly, it must be held that the Plaintiffs' belated filing of this action seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal disposition violates the principle of good faith, or that the exercise of such right is not permitted under the doctrine of laches.

The Defendant's argument that, since more than 9 years have now passed since the employment relationship with the Defendant was effectively terminated, such that it is difficult to expect the cooperation necessary between the Plaintiffs and Defendant for the revival of the employment relationship, the employment relationship between the Plaintiffs and Defendant should be regarded as having been completely liquidated and terminated upon the Plaintiffs' receipt of the said compensation, must be construed as including within it an argument concerning such lapse of rights (권리실효). Nevertheless, the court below, without examining this point, summarily rejected the argument for the reasons stated above. The judgment below thus contains an error of law affecting the judgment, either through failure to exhaust the examination of the case, or through misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the principle of good faith or the doctrine of laches. Accordingly, the ground of appeal pointing out this error is with merit.

(3) Therefore, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded, and this Decision is rendered as set out in the Order, by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Hoi-chang (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-woon, Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 근로자들이 의원면직의 형식을 빌렸을 뿐 실제로는 사용자의 지시에 따라 진의 아닌 사직의 의사표시를 하였고 사용자가 이러한 사정을 알면서 위 사직의 의사표시를 수리하였다면 위 사직의 의사표시는 민법 제107조에 해당하여 무효라 할 것이고 사용자가 사직의 의사 없는 근로자로 하여금 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성 제출케 하여 그중 일부만을 선별수리하여 이들을 의원면직처리한 것은 정당한 이유나 정당한 절차를 거치지 아니한 해고조치로서 근로기준법 제27조 등의 강행법규에 위배되어 당연무효이다.

나. 일반적으로 권리의 행사는 신의에 좇아 성실히 하여야 하고 권리는 남용하지 못하는 것이므로 권리자가 실제로 권리를 행사할 수 있는 기회가 있었음에도 불구하고 상당한 기간이 경과하도록 권리를 행사하지 아니하여 의무자인 상대방으로서도 이제는 권리자가 권리를 행사하지 아니할 것으로 신뢰할 만한 정당한 기대를 가지게 된 다음에 새삼스럽게 그 권리를 행사하는 것이 법질서 전체를 지배하는 신의성실의 원칙에 위반하는 것으로 인정되는 결과가될 때에는 이른바 실효의 원칙에 따라 그 권리의 행사가 허용되지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이다.

다. 실효의 원칙이 적용되기 위하여 필요한 요건으로서의 실효기간(권리를 행사하지 아니한 기간)의 길이와 의무자인 상대방이 권리가 행사되지 아니하리라고 신뢰할 만한 정당한 사유가 있었는지의 여부는 일률적으로 판단할 수 있는 것이 아니라 구체적인 경우마다 권리를 행사하지 아니한 기간의 장단과 함께 권리자측과 상대방측 쌍방의 사정 및 객관적으로 존재한 사정 등을 모두 고려하여 사회통념에 따라 합리적으로 판단하여야 할 것이다.

라. 근로자들이 면직된 후 바로 퇴직금을 청구하여 수령하였으며 그로부터 9년이 지난 후 1980년해직공무원의보상등에관한특별조치법 소정의 보상금까지 수령하였다면 면직일로부터 10년이 다 되어 사용자로서도 위 면직처분이 유효한 것으로 믿고 이를 전제로 그 사이에 새로운 인사체제를 구축하여 조직을 관리·경영하여 오고 있는 마당에 새삼스럽게 면직처분무효확인의 소를 제기함은 신의성실의 원칙에 반하거나 실효의 원칙에 따라 그 권리의 행사가 허용되지 않는다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.라. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 / 가. 민법 제107조 제1항 / 나.다.라. 민법 제2조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1988.4.25. 선고 86다카1124 판결(공1988,882), 1988.5.10. 선고 87다카2578 판결(공1988,949), 1991.7.12. 선고 90다11554 판결(공1991,2140) / 나.다.라. 대법원 1992.1.21. 선고 91다30118 판결(공1992,884) / 나. 대법원 1988.4.27. 선고 87누915 판결(공1988,923), 1991.7.26. 선고 90다15488 판결(공1991,2237) / 라. 대법원 1990.11.23. 선고 90다카25512 판결(공1991,177), 1991.4.12. 선고 90다8084 판결(공1991,1364), 1992.4.14. 선고 92다1728 판결(공1992,1596)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,107자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 부산공동어시장 소송대리인 변호사 장호

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1991.12.19. 선고 91나4577 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 부산고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

(1) 1980.경 피고의 직원으로 재직하고 있던 원고들이 같은 해 7.경부터 국가보위비상대책위원회 주관으로 시작된 공직자와 정부투자기관 임직원 등의 기강의 확립 및 비위자 숙정방침에 따라 사직서를 제출케 되어 같은 해 7.19. 의원면직처리된 이 사건에 있어서 원심은 거시증거에 의하여 당시 위 정화계획은 피고의 경우 감독관청인 수산청장으로부터 피고의 임직원 중 일정수의 인원을 선별하여 해직시킬 것을 지시받고 같은 해 7.15. 및 7.16. 양일 간에 걸쳐 원고들을 비롯한 전임직원에게 일괄적으로 사직서를 제출토록 하여 이를 받은 후 해직시킬 대상자를 선정한 다음 이를 위 위원회에 보고하여 그 승인을 받고 사직서를 수리하는 형식으로 진행된 사실, 원고들은 사직할 의사가 없었음에도 당시의 억압된 사회분위기에 위축되어 어쩔수 없이 다른 직원들과 함께 사직서를 제출하고 피고는 그중 해직대상자로 선정한 원고들만의 사직서를 수리하여 의원면직한 사실, 피고의 당시 인사관리규약에 의하면 직원은 형의 선고, 징계처분 또는 위 규약이 정하는 사유에 의하지 아니하고는 그 의사에 반하여 감봉, 휴직, 정직 또는 면직되지 아니하며(제28조 제2항), 직원을 징계할 경우에는 인사위원회의 의결을 거치도록(제38조 제1항) 규정하고 있으나 원고들의 위 해직은 이러한 절차를 전혀 밟지 않은 채 의원면직으로 처리된 사실을 인정한 다음, 위 인정사실에 의하면 원고들은 의원면직의 형식을 빌렸을 뿐 실제로는 피고의 지시에 따라 진의 아닌 사직의 의사표시를 하였고 피고가 이러한 사정을 알면서 위 사직의 의사표시를 수리하였다 할 것이므로 위 사직의 의사표시는 민법 제107조에 해당하여 무효라 할 것이며, 이처럼 사용자가 사직의 의사없는 근로자로 하여금 어쩔 수 없이 사직서를 작성 제출케 하여 그중 일부만을 선별 수리하여 이들을 의원면직처리한 것은 실질적으로는 사용자의 일방적 의사에 의하여 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 것이어서 해고에 해당하고 정당한 이유나 정당한 절차를 거치지 아니한 해고조치로서 근로기준법 제27조 등의 강행법규에 위배되어 당연무효라고 판시하였는바, 기록에 의하여 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정 및 판단은 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인 또는 민법 제107조에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없으므로 이 부분을 다투는 상고논지는 이유 없다.

(2) 원심은 원고들이 위 면직처분 이후 아무런 이의 없이 피고로부터 퇴직금 전액을 수령하여 위 면직처분을 추인하였고 그렇지 않다 하더라도 원고들이 1989.12.경 “1980년해직공무원의보상등에관한특별조치법” 소정의 보상금을 수령하였는바 피고와의 근로관계가 사실상 종료된 지가 현재 9년 이상이 되어 원·피고들 사이에 근로관계의 부활에 필요한 협력을 기대하기 어려운 이상 원·피고들의 근로관계는 원고들이 위 보상금을 수령함으로써 완전히 청산·종료된 것으로 보아야 한다는 취지의 피고의 주장에 대하여, 거시증거에 의하면 원고들이 위 면직처분이후 퇴직금 및 위 특별조치법 소정의 보상금을 수령한 사실을 인정할 수 있으나 나아가 아무런 이의 없이 퇴직금을 수령하여 위 면직처분을 추인하였다는 점을 인정할 만한 아무런 증거가 없으며 또한 원고들에 대한 면직처분이 있은 후로부터 현재까지 9년 이상 경과되었다는 사정만으로는 근로관계의 부활에 필요한 협력을 기대하기 어렵다고 볼 수 없고 위 특별조치법의 소정의 보상은 근로관계의 청산을 전제로 한 것이 아니라 하여 이를 배척하였다.

그러나 일반적으로 권리의 행사는 신의에 좇아 성실히 하여야 하고 권리는 남용하지 못하는 것이므로 권리자가 실제로 권리를 행사할 수 있는 기회가 있었음에도 불구하고 상당한 기간이 경과하도록 권리를 행사하지 아니하여 의무자인 상대방으로서도 이제는 권리자가 권리를 행사하지 아니할 것으로 신뢰할 만한 정당한 기대를 가지게 된 다음에 새삼스럽게 그 권리를 행사하는 것이 법질서 전체를 지배하는 신의성실의 원칙에 위반하는 것으로 인정되는 결과가 될 때에는 이른바 실효의 원칙에 따라 그 권리의 행사가 허용되지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이고 이러한 실효의 원칙이 적용되기 위하여 필요한 요건으로서의 실효기간(권리를 행사하지 아니한 기간)의 길이와 의무자인 상대방이 권리가 행사되지 아니하리라고 신뢰할 만한 정당한 사유가 있었는지의 여부는 일률적으로 판단할 수 있는 것이 아니라 구체적인 경우마다 권리를 행사하지 아니한 기간의 장단과 함께 권리자측과 상대방측 쌍방의 사정 및 객관적으로 존재한 사정 등을 모두 고려하여 사회통념에 따라 합리적으로 판단하여야 할 것인바(당원 1992.1.21. 선고 91다30118 판결 참조), 위에서 본 바와 같이 원고들이 1980.7.19. 면직된 후 바로 퇴직금을 청구하여 수령하였으며 그로부터 9년이 지난 1989.12.경 “해직공무원보상에관한특별조치법” 소정의 보상금까지 수령하였다면 면직일로부터 10년이 다 되어 피고로서도 원고들에 대한 위 면직처분이 유효한 것으로 믿고 이를 전제로 그 사이에 새로운 인사체제를 구축하여 조직을 관리 경영하여 오고 있는 마당에 새삼스럽게 원고들이 이 사건 면직처분무효확인의 소를 제기함은 신의성실의 원칙에 반하거나 실효의 원칙에 따라 그 권리의 행사가 허용되지 않는다고 보아야 할 것이다.

피고와의 근로관계가 사실상 종료된 지가 현재 9년 이상이 되어 원·피고들 사이에 근로관계의 부활에 필요한 협력을 기대하기 어려운 이상 원·피고들의 근로관계는 원고들이 위 보상금을 수령함으로써 완전히 청산·종료된 것으로 보아야 한다는 피고의 위 주장에는 이러한 권리실효에 관한 주장도 포함되어 있다고 보아야 할 것인데도 이러한 점을 살피지 아니한 채 만연히 위와 같은 이유로 이를 배척한 원심판결에는 심리를 다하지 아니하였거나 신의칙 또는 실효에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다 할 것이므로 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유 있다.

(3) 그러므로 원심판결을 파기환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이회창(재판장) 배만운 김석수

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