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대법원 90다카27389

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal해고무효확인

Decided1991. 02. 22. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A bus driver at a tourism company was dismissed and later reinstated to an administrative sales position, after which he filed a lawsuit seeking confirmation that his dismissal (해고) was invalid. The Supreme Court held that once the employment relationship was restored, there was no legal interest in seeking such confirmation, even though the position differed from his original role. The Court also recognized that employers have considerable discretion in job reassignment (전직·전보) decisions within the scope of business necessity, and rejected the plaintiff's wage claim since he had refused the reinstatement order and taken employment elsewhere.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA tour company bus driver, after being dismissed and later reinstated to an office sales position, sued to confirm his dismissal was invalid in order to be restored to his original driving position.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that since he had already been reinstated—even to a different role—there was no legal interest in seeking confirmation of invalid dismissal, and affirmed the employer's discretion in reassignment decisions.
  • LessonSince lawsuits for confirmation of invalid dismissal aim to restore the employment relationship rather than a specific job title, reinstatement to any position ends the need for such litigation, and employers retain the right to reassign employees when justified by business needs.
Issues
  • Whether there remains a legal interest in pursuing a lawsuit for confirmation of invalid dismissal when the employee has already been reinstated, albeit to a different position
  • The scope and limits of an employer's authority to issue job reassignment or transfer orders (전직·전보발령권)
Key reasoning

The purpose of a lawsuit seeking confirmation of invalid dismissal (해고무효확인) is to restore the employment relationship itself, not necessarily to restore the employee to their original specific position. Therefore, if an employee has been reinstated—even to a different role—there is no remaining legal interest in pursuing confirmation that the dismissal was invalid. Additionally, employers are granted substantial discretion in matters of job reassignment and transfer (전직·전보) as long as such decisions fall within legitimate business necessity. Since the plaintiff refused the reinstatement offer and instead took a job at another company, his claim for unpaid wages was also dismissed.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. A reassignment or transfer of an employee may bring about a change in the kind and content of the work to be provided by the employee, or in the place of work, and thus may constitute a disadvantageous disposition to the employee; however, in principle it falls within the authority of the employer (the person holding personnel authority), and considerable discretion must be recognized as belonging to the employer within the scope necessary for business operations. Such reassignment cannot be held void as a matter of course unless there are special circumstances, such as its violating Article 27, Paragraph 1 or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constituting an abuse of rights.

b. In relation to the employer's authority to reassign or appoint an employee to a post, the purpose of a lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of a dismissal is to restore the employment relationship itself between the employee and the employer by confirming the invalidity of the dismissal, that is, the continued existence of the employment relationship, and not to restore the employee to the original position held prior to the dismissal. Therefore, even if the tourism company reinstated the plaintiff not to the position of driver, which was his post prior to dismissal, but to a sales/clerical position, insofar as the company thereby acknowledged and reinstated the continued existence of the employment relationship itself with the plaintiff, the plaintiff has no interest in seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal—leaving aside, as a separate matter, whether the plaintiff may dispute the validity of the reassignment to the sales/clerical position.

Full text (English, AI translation) 5,099 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Eunma Tourism Co., Ltd.
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 90Na1948, decided July 13, 1990

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. As to the first ground of appeal.

A disposition of dismissal is a disposition whose direct purpose is to extinguish the employment relationship itself between the employee and the employer; it does not have as its content a change of the employee's position. Therefore, the purpose of an action seeking confirmation of the invalidity of a dismissal is to restore the employment relationship itself by confirming the invalidity of the dismissal, that is, the continued existence of the employment relationship between the employee and the employer, and not to restore the employee to the position he held before the dismissal. This is because, while a reassignment or transfer of an employee may constitute a disposition disadvantageous to the employee in that it brings about a change in the type, content, or place of the labor the employee is to provide, such reassignment or transfer in principle falls within the authority of the employer (the holder of personnel authority), and a considerable degree of discretion must be recognized in the employer within the scope necessary for business purposes; and, absent special circumstances such as a violation of Article 27(1) or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or an abuse of rights, such reassignment cannot be deemed void as a matter of course (see this Court's Decision 86Daka2567, decided February 28, 1989). In light of this legal principle, even if a judgment confirming the invalidity of the dismissal becomes final and the employee is reinstated to his original position, the employer may, absent special circumstances, issue an order transferring the employee to a different position as noted above, so the employee has no choice but to comply with that transfer order; consequently, the purpose of restoring the employee to his original position cannot be achieved merely through a confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal.

According to the facts as found by the court below, the Plaintiff, while working as a tour bus driver for the Defendant company, was dismissed on November 23, 1988; however, the Defendant company, following a resolution of its personnel committee, reinstated the Plaintiff by a personnel order dated February 26, 1990, to work in a sales/administrative position, but the Plaintiff did not comply with this and refused to provide labor, and since April 7, 1990, has been employed and working at the non-party Cheonil Express Arirang Tourism Co., Ltd. In these circumstances, even though the Defendant reinstated the Plaintiff not to the position of driver, which he held before the dismissal, but to a sales/administrative position, insofar as the Defendant, by doing so, acknowledged the continued existence of the employment relationship itself between the Plaintiff and the Defendant and reinstated him, the Plaintiff may separately dispute the validity of the transfer to the sales/administrative position, but he has no interest in seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal. The court below, on the same reasoning, dismissed the portion of the action seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal in this case, and determined that the Plaintiff's failure to provide labor after the aforementioned reinstatement order was attributable to the Plaintiff's own fault, and accordingly rejected the Plaintiff's claim for wages; this determination is proper, and there is no error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the interest in bringing an action for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal or concerning a reinstatement order. Therefore, this ground of appeal is without merit.

2. As to the second ground of appeal.

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, based on the evidence cited, found that the Defendant company, after dismissing the Plaintiff, transferred all of its tour buses to the non-party Gwangju Express Tourism Co., Ltd. around March 1988, and that as of February 26, 1990, the time of the reinstatement in this case, there was no bus available for operation, and therefore the Defendant was unable to reinstate the Plaintiff to the position of driver; the court below rejected evidence inconsistent with this finding. Upon examination of the record, the selection and evaluation of evidence conducted by the court below in making this finding are proper and acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehending the rules of evidence and thereby misconstruing the facts, as argued in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal is without merit.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Park Woo-dong (Presiding Justice), Bae Seok, Kim Sang-won, Yoon Young-cheol

【판결요지】

가. 근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 피용자가 제공하여야 할 근로의 종류와 내용 또는 장소 등에 변경을 가져온다는 점에서 피용자에게 불이익한 처분이 될 수 있으나, 원칙적으로 사용자(인사권자)의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 사용자에게 인정하여야 하고, 이것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 없는 한 당연무효라고 할 수는 없다.

나. 해고무효확인의 소는 사용자의 근로자에 대한 전직, 보직발령권과 관련하여 볼 때 해고의 무효, 즉 근로자와 사용자간의 고용관계의 존속을 확인함으로써 그 고용관계 자체를 회복하려는데 목적이 있다 할 것이지, 해고 전의 원직을 회복하는데에 소송의 목적이 있는 것은 아니라 할 것이므로 관광회사가 원고를 해고 전의 직책인 운전기사직이 아닌 영업사무직에 복직시켰다고 하더라도 이로써 위 회사측이 원고와 간의 고용관계 그 자체의 존속을 인정하고 복직시킨 이상 원고가 영업사무직으로의 전직의 효력을 다투는 것은 별론으로 하고 해고무효확인을 구할 소의 이익은 없다 .

【참조조문】

가.나. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 / 나. 민사소송법 제228조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1989.2.28. 선고 86다카2567 판결(공1989,510)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,803자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 주식회사 은마관광

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1990.7.13. 선고 90나1948 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로한다.

【이 유】 1. 상고이유 제1점을 본다.

해고처분은 근로자와 사용자간의 고용관계 그 자체를 소멸시키는 것을 직접목적으로 하는 처분일뿐 그 보직을 변경하는 것을 내용으로 하는 것이 아니므로 해고 무효확인의 소의 목적은 해고의 무효 즉 근로자와 사용자간의 고용관계의 존속을 확인하므로써 그 고용관계 자체를 회복하려는 데 목적이 있다 할 것이지 해고전의 원직을 회복하는 데에 소송의 목적이 있는 것은 아니라 할 것이다. 왜냐하면 근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 피용자가 제공하여야 할 근로의 종류와 내용 또는 장소 등에 변경을 가져온다는 점에서 피용자에게 불이익한 처분이 될 수 있으나 원칙적으로 사용자(인사권자)의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 사용자에게 인정하여야 하고 이것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 없는 한 당연무효라고 할 수는 없다는 법리( 당원 1989.2.28. 선고 86다카2567 판결 참조)에 비추어 볼 때 해고무효확인 판결이 확정되어 원직에 복귀된다 하더라도 앞서본 바와 같이 사용자는 특별한 사정이 없는 한 근로자의 보직을 변경하는 전직명령을 발할 수 있으므로 근로자는 그 전직명령에 따를 수 밖에 없고 따라서 해고무효확인에 의하여 원직의 회복이라는 목적은 달성 할 수 없기 때문이다.

원심이 확정한 사실에 의하면 원고는 피고 회사의 관광버스운전기사로 근무하던 중인 1988.11.23. 해고되었으나 피고 회사가 인사위원회의 결의를 거쳐 1990.2.26.자 인사명령으로 원고를 영업사무직으로 근무토록 복직시켰지만 원고는 이에 응하지 아니한 채 근로의 제공을 거절하다가 1990.4.7.부터 소외 주식회사 천일고속 아리랑관광에 취업하여 근무하고 있다는 것인 바, 이와 같이 피고가 원고를 해고전의 직책인 운전기사직이 아닌 영업사무직에 복직시켰다 하더라도 이로써 피고측이 원·피고간의 고용관계 그 자체의 존속을 인정하고 복직시킨 이상 원고가 영업사무직으로의 전직의 효력을 다투는 것은 별론으로 하고 해고무효확인을 구할 소의 이익은 없다할 것이다. 원심이 같은 취지에서 이 사건 해고무효확인청구부분에 관한 소를 각하하고, 위 복직명령 이후부터 근로를 제공하지 아니한 것은 원고의 귀책사유에 인한 것이라고 판단하여 원고의 임금청구부분을 기각하였음은 정당하고, 거기에 해고무효확인소송에 있어서의 소의 이익이나 복직명령에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법은 없다 할 것이므로 논지는 이유없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점을 본다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은 그 거시증거에 의하여 피고 회사가 원고를 해고한 이후인 1988.3.경 그 소유의 관광버스를 모두 소외 주식회사 광주고속관광에 양도하여 이 사건 복직 당시인 1990.2.26.에는 운행할 버스가 없었기 때문에 원고를 운전기사로 복직시켜 줄 수 없었다는 사실을 인정하고 이에 배치되는 거시증거를 배척하고 있는바, 기록에 비추어 보면 원심이 위 사실을 인정함에 거친 증거의 취사선택 및 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고 거기에 소론과 같이 채증법칙에 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 있다할 수 없으므로 논지는 이유없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담을 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박우동(재판장) 배석 김상원 윤영철

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