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대법원 90다카25512

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal (해고무효확인)해고무효확인

Decided1990. 11. 23. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
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AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A bus driver for a transportation company was indicted through a summary procedure (약식기소) following a traffic accident and was subsequently dismissed by his employer. The driver accepted his severance pay (퇴직금) without objection and only filed a lawsuit seeking confirmation that his dismissal was invalid three years later. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the employer, holding that disciplinary action considering overall circumstances was permissible despite the collective bargaining agreement (단체협약), and that the driver's long delay after unconditionally accepting severance pay violated the principle of estoppel (금반언 원칙).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA bus driver was dismissed after a traffic accident, accepted his severance pay, and then filed a lawsuit challenging the dismissal three years later.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled against the worker, finding that accepting severance pay without objection and waiting years to sue violated the principle of estoppel (금반언 원칙).
  • LessonIf you intend to dispute a dismissal, take legal action immediately and avoid accepting severance pay unconditionally, as doing so may be treated as acceptance of the dismissal.
Issues
  • How broadly should the collective bargaining agreement's clause prohibiting personnel action against employees who are merely summarily indicted (약식기소) be interpreted?
  • Does filing a lawsuit for confirmation of invalid dismissal (해고무효확인) a long time after unconditionally accepting severance pay (퇴직금) violate the principle of estoppel (금반언 원칙)?
Key reasoning

The collective bargaining agreement's provision prohibiting personnel action against employees who are merely summarily indicted (약식기소) was intended to prevent disciplinary action based solely on the fact of indictment, not to prohibit disciplinary action after considering all relevant circumstances of the incident. Therefore, the employer's dismissal, which took into account the totality of circumstances surrounding the traffic accident, was lawful. Furthermore, the worker's conduct in accepting severance pay without any reservation or objection, then taking a job at a similar company, and waiting three years before filing suit, created a reasonable expectation that he had accepted the dismissal. Allowing him to challenge the dismissal at that point would violate the principle of estoppel (금반언 원칙), which prevents a party from asserting a position contrary to one previously accepted through conduct.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[a] Where a collective agreement of a transportation company provides that "no personnel action may be taken against a person who has been summarily indicted for an accident," in light of the relevant statutes such as Article 97 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 36(1) of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법), the meaning thereof should be construed as intending that, in the case of a summary indictment arising from a minor accident, no disadvantageous disposition such as disciplinary action shall be taken on that ground alone; therefore, it cannot be construed as prohibiting disciplinary action where, in addition to the circumstances of the accident giving rise to the summary indictment, the employer also takes into account the employee's previous unfaithful work attitude and prior disciplinary history, and, upon examining the cause of the accident, determines that the employee lacks the qualifications required of a bus driver.

[b] Where a company dismisses an employee and, the employee having failed to receive payment of the retirement allowance and dismissal allowance, the company deposits such amounts, and the employee withdraws the deposited money without reserving any condition, it can only be concluded that, at the time the employee withdrew the deposited money, the employee acknowledged the company's dismissal disposition as valid; and where the employee, about one month after being dismissed, obtained employment at a similar company in the same line of business and has been working there while receiving wages at a level similar to that at the former company, and nevertheless filed a lawsuit seeking confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal only after nearly three years had elapsed from the time of dismissal, such claim is in violation of the principle of estoppel.

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,210 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Daesung Unsu Co., Ltd. (대성운수주식회사)

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 90Na11327 dated July 18, 1990

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. Judgment on the Plaintiff's First Ground of Appeal

The court below found that, as the Plaintiff asserts, Article 13 of the 1985 Collective Agreement (단체협약서) concluded between the Defendant company and the Defendant company's labor union provides that "where an accident is caused by an employee's negligence that is not intentional or by force majeure while the employee is on duty operating the vehicle, the right of indemnity against the employee may not be exercised, and personnel action may not be taken against a person who has been indicted through a summary procedure due to an accident."

However, the court below determined that the meaning of the provision in the collective agreement that "personnel action may not be taken against a person who has been indicted through a summary procedure due to an accident" appears to mean that, in cases of a minor accident resulting in summary indictment, disciplinary action or other adverse measures may not be taken on that ground alone; and that it does not appear to mean that, as in this case, where in addition to the circumstance of having caused an accident resulting in summary indictment, disciplinary action taken in consideration of the employee's prior unfaithful work attitude, prior disciplinary record, and the cause of the accident, on the ground that the employee lacks the qualifications required of a bus driver, is prohibited.

In light of the relevant statutes, including Article 97 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 36, Paragraph 1 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법), as well as the contents of the Defendant company's employment rules (취업규칙) and the collective agreement, the above determination of the court below is deemed justified and acceptable, and it cannot be found that the judgment below contains the illegality argued in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal is without merit.

2. Judgment on the Second Ground of Appeal

In light of the relevant evidence and the record, it cannot be found that the judgment below, which found as fact that the Plaintiff falls under Items 13 and 14 of Article 13 of the Defendant company's employment rules, contains the illegality of finding facts without evidence in violation of the rules of evidence, as argued in the grounds of appeal. Therefore, this ground of appeal is also without merit.

3. Judgment on the Third Ground of Appeal

The court below found that after the Defendant company dismissed the Plaintiff, it attempted to pay the Plaintiff retirement pay and dismissal allowance, but as the Plaintiff refused to accept payment, the Defendant company deposited these amounts on August 28, 1986; that the Plaintiff received the deposited money on September 2, 1986 without reserving any conditions; therefore, it could only be concluded that the Plaintiff, at the time of receiving the deposited money, acknowledged the Defendant company's dismissal action as valid; and that in this case, where the Plaintiff admits that, about one month after being dismissed, he obtained employment with Dongyang Gyotong Co., Ltd. (동양교통주식회사), a company in the same industry, and has been working there receiving wages of approximately KRW 590,000 per month, a level similar to that at the Defendant company, the Plaintiff's claim in this case for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal, filed nearly three years after the dismissal, violates the principle of estoppel.

The above determination of the court below is deemed justified and acceptable (see this Court's Decision 88Daka19804 dated September 29, 1989). Therefore, this ground of appeal is also without merit.

4. Accordingly, the Plaintiff's appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, the losing party. The opinions of the participating Justices being unanimous, it is so ordered as set forth in the Order.

Justices: Lee Jae-seong (Presiding Justice), Park Woo-dong, Yoon Young-cheol, Kim Yong-jun

【판결요지】

가. 운수회사의 단체협약에 “사고로 인하여 약식기소된 자에 한하여 인사조치를 할 수 없다”라고 규정된 경우 근로기준법 제97조, 노동조합법 제36조 제1항 등 관계법령에 비추어 볼 때, 그 의미는 경미한 사고로 약식기소된 경우에 그 사유만으로 징계 등 불이익한 처분을 하지 않는다는 취지로 볼 것이므로 약식기소된 사고를 일으킨 사정 이외에도 종전의 불성실한 근무태도와 징계의 전력 등을 보태고, 또 사고를 일으킨 원인을 따져 버스운전자로서의 자질이 부족하다고 보아 징계조치하는 것까지 금하는 취지로는 볼 수 없다.

나. 회사가 근로자를 해고한 후 근로자가 퇴직금과 해고수당의 변제를 받지 아니하여 이를 공탁하자 근로자가 아무런 조건의 유보 없이 공탁금을 수령하여 간 경우 근로자가 공탁금을 수령할 때 회사의 해고처분을 유효한 것으로 인정하였다고 볼 수밖에 없고, 근로자가 해고당한 후 약 1개월이 지난 다음 동종업체에 취업하여 전회사에 있어서와 유사한 봉급수준의 임금을 지급받으며 근무하고 있으면서 해고당한 때로부터 3년 가까이나 경과하여 해고무효확인청구소송을 제기한 경우라면 위 청구는 금반언의 원칙에 위배된다.

【참조조문】

가. 근로기준법 제97조, 노동조합법 제36조 제1항 / 나. 민법 제2조, 제487조, 근로기준법 제27조

【참조판례】

나. 대법원 1989.9.29. 선고 88다카1980 판결(공1989,1577)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,539자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 대성운수주식회사

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1990.7.18. 선고 90나11327 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 원고의 상고이유 제1점에 대한 판단

원심은, 피고회사와 피고회사 노동조합간에 체결된 1985년도 단체협약서 제13조에 “종업원이 승무중 고의 아닌 부주의 또는 불가항력적으로 사고가 야기되었을 시 종업원에 대한 구상권을 행사할 수 없으며 사고로 인하여 약식기소된 자에 한하여 인사조치를 할 수 없다”고 규정되어 있음은 원고가 주장하는 바와 같지만, 단체협약이 “사고로 인하여 약식기소된 자에 한하여 인사조치를 할 수 없다”고 규정한 의미는, 경미한 사고로 약식기소된 경우에 그 사유만으로 징계 등 불이익한 처분을 하지 않는다는 취지로 보이고, 이 사건의 경우와 같이 약식기소된 사고를 일으킨 사정 이외에도, 종전의 불성실한 근무태도와 징계의 전력 등을 보태고 또 그 사고를 일으킨 원인을 따져 버스운전자로서의 자질이 부족하다고 보아 징계조치하는 것까지 금하는 취지로는 보이지 아니한다고 판단하였는바, 근로기준법 제97조, 노동조합법 제36조 제1항 등 관계법령과 피고회사의 취업규칙 및 단체협약의 규정내용에 비추어 볼 때 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당한 것 으로 수긍이 되고, 원심판결에 소론과 같은 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없으므로, 논지는 이유가 없다.

2. 같은 상고이유 제2점에 대한 판단

관계증거와 기록에 의하면, 원고가 피고회사의 취업규칙 제13조 제13호 및 제14호에 해당한다고 사실인정을 한 원심판결에, 소론과 같이 채증법칙을 위반하여 증거도 없이 사실을 인정한 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없으므로, 논지도 이유가 없다.

3. 같은 상고이유 제3점에 대한 판단

원심은, 피고회사가 원고를 해고한 후 원고에게 퇴직금과 해고수당을 지급하려고 하였으나 원고가 변제를 받지 아니하여 1986.8.28. 이를 공탁하였던 바, 원고는 1986.9.2. 아무런 조건의 유보 없이 공탁금을 수령하여 간 사실을 인정할 수 있으므로, 원고가 공탁금을 수령할 때 피고회사의 해고처분을 유효한 것으로 인정하였다고 볼 수밖에 없고, 원고가 해고당한 후 약 1개월이 지난 다음 동종업체인 소외 동양교통주식회사에 취업하여 피고회사에 있어서와 유사한 봉급수준인 매월 금 590,000원 정도의 임금을 지급받으며 근무하고 있음을 자인하고 있는 이 사건에 있어서, 해고당한 때로부터 무려 3년 가까이나 경과하여 소송을 제기한 원고의 이 사건 해고무효확인 청구는 금반언의 원칙에 위배되는 것이라고 판단하였는바, 원심의 이와 같은 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되므로( 당원 1989.9.29. 선고 88다카19804 판결 참조), 논지도 이유가 없다.

4. 그러므로 원고의 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자인 원고의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이재성(재판장) 박우동 윤영철 김용준

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