Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다21736

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.해고무효확인등

Decided1993. 09. 24. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (worker's case sent back for further review)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involves a KBS license fee collector who was disciplinarily dismissed (해고) for personal misconduct in his private life, received severance pay (퇴직금), and then claimed the dismissal was invalid one year and five months later. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled on the legal meaning of receiving severance pay and the standard for calculating wages during the period of unfair dismissal (부당해고), remanding the case because the lower court had not sufficiently examined whether the worker's claim violated the principle of good faith (신의칙).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA KBS license fee collector received severance pay after disciplinary dismissal, then claimed the dismissal was invalid one year and five months later.
  • OutcomeThe Court held that receiving severance pay alone does not mean the worker accepted the dismissal as valid, and that back wages for the unfair dismissal period must be calculated using the increased wage rates from later collective agreements.
  • LessonEven after receiving severance pay, a worker can still challenge the validity of a dismissal if there are legitimate reasons for doing so, and if successful, can claim back wages at the increased rate.
Issues
  • Whether receiving severance pay without reserving an objection automatically validates the dismissal
  • The scope of wages a worker can claim for the period of unfair dismissal (부당해고)
Key reasoning

Even if a worker receives severance pay without reserving objection, this does not automatically mean the worker has accepted the validity of the dismissal. If there are objective circumstances or reasonable grounds showing the worker intended to dispute the dismissal, the effect of the dismissal cannot be uniformly recognized as valid merely because severance pay was accepted. Additionally, when calculating back wages owed for a period of unfair dismissal, the calculation must reflect any wage increases negotiated through collective bargaining agreements (단체협약) concluded after the dismissal, not just the wage rate at the time of dismissal. The lower court failed to adequately review whether the worker's delayed challenge to the dismissal was contrary to the principle of good faith, warranting reversal and remand.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] If a worker dismissed by an employer receives retirement pay, etc. without raising any reservation of objection or condition, then, absent special circumstances, the worker shall be deemed to have acknowledged the validity of the dismissal; therefore, filing a lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal after a long period of time has elapsed since then is not permissible as it violates the principle of good faith or the doctrine of estoppel. However, even in such a case, if there are objective circumstances indicating that the worker did not acknowledge the validity of the dismissal and was contesting it, or if there are other circumstances suggesting the contrary, such as receiving the payment under circumstances where there was a reasonable reason to do so, it should not be uniformly concluded that the worker acknowledged the validity of the dismissal merely because the retirement pay was received without an explicit reservation of objection.

[2] Where an employer's dismissal of a worker is void, the employment contract relationship continued to be valid during that period, and the worker was unable to provide labor due to a cause attributable to the employer; therefore, the worker may claim payment of the full amount of wages that would have been received had the worker continued to work. Accordingly, if the collective bargaining agreement provides that wage increases are to be determined and implemented each year through collective bargaining, and wage increases have in fact been made each year pursuant thereto, then the worker's wages for the period of unfair dismissal must also be calculated based on the wages as increased under the collective bargaining agreement concluded after the dismissal.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,761 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant and Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] Korea Broadcasting System, Attorney Lee Min-su, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below]

Daegu High Court Decision 92Na8737, dated April 1, 1993

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Daegu High Court.

[Reasoning]

1. As to the Defendant's grounds of appeal

(1) As to Grounds Nos. 2 and 3

Upon examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the record, the court below, comprehensively considering the evidence cited therein, found the following facts: the Plaintiff had been working as a viewing-fee collector at a broadcasting station under the Defendant since July 26, 1982; on March 3, 1990, the Plaintiff was arrested on suspicion of falsely posing as a reporter of the Defendant Corporation and raping, threatening, and inflicting bodily injury upon a Nonparty; when this matter was reported in a news broadcast by Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation, the Defendant Corporation, through a resolution of its Personnel Committee, dismissed the Plaintiff by way of disciplinary action on March 26, 1990, on the ground that the above misconduct constituted grounds for disciplinary action under the Defendant Corporation's regulations; the Plaintiff thereafter asserted that the allegations of impersonating a reporter or committing rape were untrue, and that he had merely been engaged in an adulterous relationship with the Nonparty since around September 1987, during which he had, on two occasions, inflicted bodily injury upon her arising from a minor dispute, and that the Nonparty had filed the criminal complaint merely to end the relationship with the Plaintiff; the Plaintiff was ultimately prosecuted by summary order for the said bodily injury offense, which was then referred to formal trial, and on February 8, 1991, the Daegu District Court sentenced him to a fine of 2,000,000 won, which became final; and Article 93, Paragraph 1, Item 4 of the Defendant Corporation's Regulations on Handling of Viewing Fee Collection Business (시청료징수업무처리규정) provides that it constitutes grounds for disciplinary action where a collector damages the reputation of the Defendant Corporation or tarnishes the dignity of collectors, while Paragraph 2 of the same Article enumerates five types of disciplinary action according to the degree of misconduct: reprimand, salary reduction, suspension, dismissal, and removal. Having found these facts, the court below determined that, while the above misconduct did constitute grounds for disciplinary action as set forth by the Defendant Corporation, in light of the fact that the content of the misconduct concerned the Plaintiff's private life and had no relation to the duties he performed, and thus had no material effect on the Defendant Corporation's management order or business activities, as well as the degree of the misconduct, the resulting criminal punishment, the nature of the viewing-fee collection work performed by the Plaintiff, and the fact that the Plaintiff had worked relatively faithfully for the Defendant Corporation for more than eight years since joining, maintaining the employment relationship with the Plaintiff would not be so markedly unreasonable or unfair to the Defendant as to justify termination; therefore, the Defendant's dismissal of the Plaintiff based solely on the above misconduct constituted an abuse of the right to discipline and was void, without even needing to examine the legality of the disciplinary procedure. This determination by the court below is deemed proper and acceptable, and there is no error, as alleged in the grounds of appeal, arising from insufficient deliberation, misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence, or misunderstanding of the legal principles concerning discretion in the exercise of the right to discipline. This ground of appeal is without merit.

(2) As to Ground No. 1

Where an employee dismissed by an employer receives severance pay, etc. without raising any reservation of objection or condition, it shall be deemed, absent special circumstances, that the employee acknowledged the validity of the dismissal; accordingly, filing a lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal a long time thereafter is not permissible, as it violates the principle of good faith or the doctrine of estoppel (see Supreme Court Decision 91Da29811, dated August 14, 1992; Supreme Court Decision 91Da38686, dated January 26, 1993). However, even in such a case, where there exist objective circumstances indicating that the employee did not acknowledge the validity of the dismissal and was in fact disputing it, or where other circumstances indicate that the severance pay was received under conditions giving rise to a reasonable explanation to the contrary, it should not be uniformly concluded that the employee acknowledged the validity of the dismissal merely because the employee received the severance pay without expressly reserving an objection.

However, according to the Defendant's Counsel's brief dated November 19, 1992, the Defendant asserted that the Plaintiff, having been notified of the disciplinary dismissal by the Reconsideration Personnel Committee on April 9, 1990, received his severance pay on April 17 of the same month without raising any objection, and had even acknowledged the fact of his dismissal in the criminal trial in which he was prosecuted on the grounds of the disciplinary matter; therefore, the Defendant argued that the Plaintiff's filing of the instant lawsuit only on September 26, 1991 was without merit. This assertion by the Defendant cannot but be understood as including an argument to the effect that the filing of the instant lawsuit disputing the validity of the dismissal, a long time after the dismissal, violates the principle of good faith or the doctrine of estoppel. Furthermore, the record shows that after being notified of the disciplinary dismissal, the Plaintiff received severance pay of 3,446,490 won on April 17, 1990, without any conditions, and did not file the instant lawsuit until September 26, 1991, one year and five months later; despite this, the judgment below fails to provide any reasoning on this point.

Accordingly, the court below should have examined the reasons why the Plaintiff received the severance pay, whether he reserved any objection at that time, the reasons why the Plaintiff filed the instant claim for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal, etc. only one year and six months after the dismissal, the Plaintiff's conduct in the interim with respect to the dismissal, and whether there are any indications that he pursued other remedial procedures, and should have determined the merits of the Defendant's above assertion in accordance with the factual relationship thus established; however, the court below erred in failing to do so.

In conclusion, the judgment below is defective in that it failed to sufficiently examine and rendered no determination regarding the Defendant's assertion that the instant lawsuit is impermissible as violating the principle of good faith or the doctrine of estoppel, and this defect affected the outcome of the judgment. Therefore, this ground of appeal pointing out this error has merit.

2. As to the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, comprehensively considering the evidence cited therein, found that the Defendant Corporation does not pay a fixed monthly wage to viewing-fee collectors, but instead adopts a method of paying a fixed basic salary, an annual bonus of 500%, a performance-based collection allowance paid according to viewing-fee collection performance, and other various allowances; and that the Plaintiff, in February 1990, immediately before the above dismissal, received a basic salary of 224,600 won, a bonus of 93,583 won, an activity allowance of 80,000 won, and a collection allowance of 80,780 won. Based on this finding, the court below determined that, had the Plaintiff not been subjected to the above dismissal, he would have continued to receive the same total amount of 478,963 won every month thereafter as he had received in February 1990, and accordingly held that the Defendant is obligated to pay the Plaintiff the above amount every month from the day following the date of dismissal until his reinstatement.

Where an employer's dismissal of an employee is void, the employment relationship is deemed to have continued validly throughout that period, and the employee's failure to provide labor is attributable to a cause imputable to the employer; therefore, the employee is entitled to claim payment of the entire wages that he or she would have received had he or she continued to work (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da39860, dated December 8, 1992). Accordingly, where a collective bargaining agreement provides that wage increases are to be determined and implemented annually through collective bargaining, and wage increases have in fact been made annually pursuant thereto, the wages of an employee for the period of wrongful dismissal must be calculated based on the wages as increased pursuant to the collective bargaining agreement concluded after the dismissal.

Furthermore, upon examining the record, it can be found that the Defendant Corporation's Collective Agreement for the Field Workers' Labor Union (Exhibit A No. 24) provides that the Defendant and the labor union shall designate April of each year as the wage adjustment period and determine wage increases through collective bargaining, to be applied retroactively from January (Article 47), and that, pursuant thereto, on April 7, 1990, it was decided to increase the detailed wage items. Therefore, the court below should have calculated the Plaintiff's wages during the period of wrongful dismissal based on the above increased wages; however, it failed to sufficiently examine this point and calculated the wages based solely on the wages for February 1990, immediately preceding the dismissal, without considering the above increase. Accordingly, the judgment below is defective in that it fails to sufficiently examine the matter and misapprehends the facts in violation of the rules of evidence, and misunderstands the legal principles concerning the scope of wages that an employee may receive during the period of wrongful dismissal. This ground of appeal pointing out this error has merit.

Therefore, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded to the court below, and it is so decided as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Park Man-ho, Justice Kim Sang-won, Justice Yoon Young-cheol (Presiding Reporting Justice)

【판결요지】

가. 사용자로부터 해고된 근로자가 퇴직금 등을 수령하면서 아무런 이의의 유보나 조건을 제기하지 않았다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 할 것이고, 따라서 그로부터 오랜 기간이 지난 후에 그 해고의 효력을 다투는 소를 제기하는 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없으나, 다만 이와 같은 경우라도 해고의 효력을 인정하지 아니하고 이를 다투고 있었다고 볼 수 있는 객관적인 사정이 있다거나 그 외에 상당한 이유가 있는 상황하에서 이를 수령하는 등 반대의 사정이 있음이 엿보이는 때에는 명시적인 이의를 유보함이 없이 퇴직금을 수령한 경우라고 하여도 일률적으로 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 보아서는 안된다.

나. 사용자의 근로자에 대한 해고처분이 무효인 경우에는 그 동안 근로계약관계가 유효하게 계속되고 있었는데도 불구하고 근로자가 사용자의 귀책사유로 말미암아 근로를 제공하지 못한 것이므로 근로자는 계속 근로하였을 경우에 받을 수 있는 임금 전부의 지급을 청구할 수 있는 것이므로, 단체협약서에 매년 단체교섭을 통하여 임금인상을 결정, 시행하도록 되어 있어 이에 따라 매년 임금인상을 하여 왔다면 부당해고기간 동안의 근로자의 임금도 해고처분 이후에 체결된 단체협약서에 의하여 인상된 임금에 따라 산정하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

가. 민법 제2조, 근로기준법 제27조, / 나. 민법 제538조 제1항, 근로기준법 제36조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.8.14. 선고 91다29811 판결(공1992,2651), 1993.1.26. 선고 91다38686 판결(공1993상,845), 1993.3.9. 선고 92다29429 판결(공1993상,1146), / 나. 1991.12.13. 선고 90다18999 판결(공1992,497), 1992.3.31. 선고 90다8763 판결(공1992,1395), 1992.12.8. 선고 92다39860 판결(공1993상,441)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,927자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인 겸 피상고인】

【피고, 피상고인 겸 상고인】 한국방송공사 소송대리인 변호사 이민수

【원심판결】 대구고등법원 1993.4.1. 선고 92나8737 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 대구고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 1. 피고의 상고이유를 본다.

(1) 제2, 3점에 대하여

원심판결의 판시이유를 기록에 의하여 살펴본바, 원심이 그 거시증거를 종합하여, 원고는 1982.7.26.부터 피고 산하 방송국의 시청료징수원으로 근무해 오던 중, 피고 공사의 기자임을 사칭하면서 소외인 을 강간, 협박하고 동인에게 상해를 가하였다는 혐의로 1990.3.3. 구속되었고, 그와 같은 내용이 문화방송의 뉴스에 보도되자 피고 공사는 인사위원회의 의결을 거쳐 1990.3.26. 원고의 위 비위가 피고 공사가 규정하는 징계사유에 해당한다는 이유로 원고를 징계해임한 사실, 그러자 원고는 기자를 사칭하거나 강간하였다는 부분은 사실과 다르며 다만 1987.9.경부터 소외인 과 불륜관계를 맺어 오던 중 사소한 시비로 동인에게 두 차례 상해를 가한 적이 있는데 동인이 원고와의 관계를 청산하려고 고소를 제기한 것뿐이라고 주장하였고, 결국 원고는 위 상해사건으로 약식기소되어 통상회부되었다가 대구지방법원에서 1991.2.8. 벌금 2,000,000원을 선고받아 확정된 사실, 피고 공사의 시청료 징수업무처리규정 제93조 제1항 제4호는 징수원이 피고 공사의 명예를 훼손하였거나 징수원의 품위를 오손한 경우를 징계사유로 하고 있고, 같은 제2항에는 징계의 종류로서 비위의 정도에 따라 견책, 감봉, 정직, 해임, 파면의 5가지를 열거하고 있는 사실을 인정한 다음, 위와 같은 비위사실은 피고 공사가 정한 위 징계사유에 해당한다고 할 것이나, 그 비위내용이 원고가 수행하는 업무와는 아무런 관계가 없는 사생활에 관한 것이어서 피고 공사의 경영질서나 영업활동에 별다른 영향을 미치지 않는 점과 그 비위의 정도, 그로 인한 형사처벌의 결과, 그 밖에 원고가 수행하는 시청료징수업무의 성격, 원고가 피고 공사에 입사한 이후 8년 이상 비교적 성실하게 근무하여 온 점 등에 비추어 원고와의 고용관계를 계속 유지하게 하는 것이 피고에게 현저히 부당하거나 불공정한 정도의 것은 아니라고 할 것이므로, 피고가 위 비위사실만으로 원고를 징계해임한 것은 징계권을 남용한 것이어서 그 절차상의 적법 여부에 관하여 살필 것도 없이 무효라고 판단한 조치는 정당한 것으로 수긍이 가고, 거기에 소론과 같은 심리미진이나 채증법칙위배로 인한 사실오인 및 징계권의 재량에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유없다.

(2) 제1점에 대하여

사용자로부터 해고된 근로자가 퇴직금 등을 수령하면서 아무런 이의의 유보나 조건을 제기하지 않았다면 특별한 사정이 없는 한 그 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 할 것이고, 따라서 그로부터 오랜기간이 지난 후에 그 해고의 효력을 다투는 소를 제기하는 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 위배되어 허용될 수 없다고 할 것이나( 당원 1992.8.14.선고 91다 29811 판결, 1993.1.26.선고 91다 38686 판결 각 참조), 다만 이와 같은 경우라도 해고의 효력을 인정하지 아니하고 이를 다투고 있었다고 볼 수 있는 객관적인 사정이 있다거나 그 외에 상당한 이유가 있는 상황하에서 이를 수령하는 등 반대의 사정이 있음이 엿보이는 때에는 명시적인 이의를 유보함이 없이 퇴직금을 수령한 경우라고 하여도 일률적으로 해고의 효력을 인정하였다고 보아서는 안 될 것이다.

그런데 피고 소송대리인의 1992.11.19.자 준비서면에 의하면, 피고는 원고가 1990.4.9. 재심인사위원회의 징계해임사실을 통고받고 같은 달 17. 아무런 이의 없이 퇴직금을 수령하였으며 그 징계사유로 인하여 기소된 형사재판에서도 이러한 해임사실을 인정하였으므로, 원고가 1991.9.26.에야 이 사건 제소를 한 것은 이유가 없다고 주장하였음을 알 수 있는바, 피고의 위 주장속에는 원고가 해고된 지 오랜기간이 지나서 그 효력을 다투는 이 사건 소를 제기한 것은 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 반한다는 취지의 주장이 포함된 것으로 못 볼바 아니며, 나아가 기록에 의하면, 원고는 징계해임사실을 통고받은 후 1990.4.17. 퇴직금 3,446,490원을 다른 조건 없이 수령하였고, 그로부터 1년 5개월이나 지난 1991.9.26.에 이르러 이 사건 소송을 제기한 사실을 인정할 수 있음에도 불구하고, 원심판결에는 이 점에 대한 아무런 이유설시가 없다.

따라서 원심으로서는 원고가 퇴직금을 수령한 이유, 그 당시 이의의 유보를 하였는지 여부, 원고가 이 사건 해고무효확인 등의 청구를 해고 후 1년 6개월이 지나서야 제기한 이유, 이 사건 해임처분에 대한 원고의 그 동안의 태도, 다른 구제절차 등을 밟은 흔적이 있는지 등을 심리하여 그 사실관계에 따라 피고의 위 주장의 당부를 판단하였어야 함에도 불구하고 이에 이르지 않은 것은 잘못이라고 할 것이다.

결국 원심판결에는 이 사건 소가 신의칙이나 금반언의 원칙에 반하여 허용될 수 없다는 피고의 위 주장에 대하여 심리를 미진하고 판단을 유탈한 위법이 있는 것이고, 이는 판결결과에 영향을 미친 것이라고 할 것이므로, 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 그 이유가 있다.

2. 원고의 상고이유를 본다.

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 거시증거를 종합하여, 피고 공사에서는 시청료징수원들에게 매월 정액으로 임금을 지급하는 것이 아니라 일정액의 기본급과 연 500퍼센트의 상여금, 시청료징수실적에 따라 지급되는 성과급인 징수수당 및 기타 제 수당을 지급하는 방식을 취하고 있는데, 원고는 위 해임처분 직전인 1990.2.에 기본급 금 224,600원 및 상여금 93,583원, 활동비 금 80,000원, 징수수당 금 80,780원을 지급받은 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고가 위 해임처분을 당하지 않았더라면 그 후로도 1990.2.에 지급받은 합계 금 478,963원 상당을 매월 계속 지급받았을 것으로 보아, 피고는 원고에게 해임처분일 다음날로부터 복직시까지 매월 위 금원을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판시하였다.

사용자의 근로자에 대한 해고처분이 무효인 경우에는 그 동안 근로계약관계가 유효하게 계속되고 있었는데도 불구하고 근로자가 사용자의 귀책사유로 말미암아 근로를 제공하지 못한 것이므로 근로자는 계속 근로하였을 경우에 받을 수 있는 임금 전부의 지급을 청구할 수 있는 것이므로( 당원 1992.12.8.선고 92다 39860 판결 참조), 단체협약서에 매년 단체교섭을 통하여 임금인상을 결정, 시행하도록 되어 있어 이에 따라 매년 임금인상을 하여 왔다면 부당해고기간 동안의 근로자의 임금도 해고처분 이후에 체결된 단체협약서에 의하여 인상된 임금에 따라 산정하여야 할 것 이다.

나아가 기록을 살펴보면, 피고 공사는 외근노동조합 단체협약서(갑 제24호증)에서 피고와 노조는 매년 4월을 임금 조정시기로 정하여 단체교섭을 통해 임금인상을 결정하고 이를 1월부터 소급적용하도록 규정하고 있으며(제47조), 이에 따라 1990.4.7. 임금의 세부항목들에 대하여 인상하기로 결정한 사실을 인정할 수 있으므로, 원심으로서는 위 인상된 임금을 기준으로 하여 부당해고기간 동안의 원고의 임금을 산정하였어야 할 것임에도 불구하고 이에 대한 심리를 미진하여 해고 직전인 1990.2. 임금만을 기초로 산정하였을 뿐 위 인상된 부분을 고려하지 않았으니, 원심판결에는 심리미진이나 채증법칙위배로 인한 사실오인 및 부당해고기간 동안 근로자가 받을 수 있는 임금의 범위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있는 것이므로, 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유가 있다.

그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박만호(재판장) 김상원 윤영철(주심)

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