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대법원 91다1134

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal Disposition (해임처분무효확인)해임처분무효확인

Decided1991. 06. 25. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the Supreme Court sided with the dismissed professor's position that he retained standing to sue.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A fixed-term assistant professor who had been dismissed from his position filed a lawsuit seeking confirmation that the dismissal (해임처분) was invalid, even after his term of appointment had already expired. The Supreme Court (대법원) held that since the dismissal disqualified him from holding public office for a certain period and continued to negatively affect his future employment prospects, he had a legitimate legal interest in seeking such confirmation. The Court therefore reversed the lower court's decision and remanded the case for further proceedings.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA fixed-term assistant professor was dismissed from his position and, after his appointment term had already expired, filed a lawsuit to confirm that the dismissal was invalid.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that because the dismissal caused a three-year disqualification from public office and continued to harm future employment prospects, the professor had a valid legal interest in seeking confirmation of invalidity.
  • LessonEven after a fixed term of appointment has ended, a dismissal can still be challenged in court because it continues to affect one's future career and employment opportunities.
Issues
  • Whether a plaintiff retains a legitimate 'interest in confirmation' (확인의 이익) to challenge the validity of a dismissal (해임처분) after the term of appointment has already expired
  • What standard determines whether a declaratory action concerning a past legal relationship satisfies the requirement of 'immediate interest in confirmation' (즉시확정의 이익)
Key reasoning

Under Korean law, a person who has been dismissed (해임) from a position becomes ineligible to hold public office for three years following the dismissal. Even after this three-year disqualification period ends, the fact of having been dismissed continues to create disadvantages in future job applications and public appointments. Because these ongoing negative effects constitute a real and continuing risk to the plaintiff's legal status, the Court found that there was a legitimate 'interest in confirmation' (확인의 이익) even though the plaintiff's term of appointment had already expired. This interest exists because a favorable judgment would remove the present legal risk stemming from the dismissal, satisfying the requirement that a declaratory action must serve to immediately resolve an actual dispute over one's legal status, rather than merely address a past, already-concluded legal relationship with no continuing effect.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

A. A case holding that with respect to the plaintiff, who had been appointed as an assistant professor at a private university for a fixed term of three years, his status as a university faculty member naturally terminated upon the expiration of the term of appointment.

B. Even where a legal relationship pertains to the past, if it continues to affect a present right or legal status, and if obtaining a judgment confirming that legal relationship is recognized as an effective and appropriate means of removing danger or uncertainty concerning the present right or legal status, then an action seeking confirmation of that legal relationship should be deemed to have the benefit of immediate confirmation (즉시확정의 이익). This view is also consistent with the dispute-resolution function and dispute-prevention function of a confirmation action.

C. Even if, after the dismissal disposition against the plaintiff referred to in item "A" above was made, the term of appointment expired such that recovery of his status is no longer possible, in light of Article 33, Paragraph 1, Items 7 and 8 of the National Public Officials Act (國家公務員法), Article 77, Item 1 of the Education Act (敎育法), and Article 54, Paragraph 3 of the Private School Act (私立學校法), the plaintiff, as a result of the dismissal disposition, is inevitably treated as a person disqualified from being appointed to public office or as a faculty member for three years from the date of the dismissal disposition; moreover, even after that period of disqualification has elapsed, there is no doubt that a prior record of having received a disciplinary dismissal disposition would operate as a disadvantageous impediment, compared to a person without such a record, in being appointed to public office or as a faculty member. Therefore, the plaintiff has an interest in seeking confirmation of the invalidity of the dismissal disposition in order to remove the danger or uncertainty concerning his legal status enabling him to be appointed to public office or as a faculty member.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,989 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Han Kyung-kook, counsel for the plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Seonghan School Foundation (Attorney Park Seung-seo, counsel for the defendant)
[Lower Court Judgment] Seoul High Court Decision 90Na15145 rendered on November 28, 1990

[Order]

The part of the lower court judgment against the plaintiff regarding the confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
The remainder of the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of appeal relating to this dismissed portion shall be borne by the plaintiff.

[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal submitted by the plaintiff's counsel are examined.

1. According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, with respect to the plaintiff's claim in this action seeking confirmation that the defendant's dismissal disposition of December 31, 1988 was invalid, the lower court found, based on the evidence cited, that the plaintiff was appointed on April 1, 1986 by the president of Kukje College, which is under the defendant Foundation, as an assistant professor of Kukje College established and operated by the defendant Foundation, for a fixed appointment term of three years, and that it was evident from the calendar that this appointment term had already expired. The lower court then held as follows: Under Article 11, Paragraph 3, Items 1 and 2 of the Educational Officials Act (교육공무원법), Article 32, Paragraphs 2 and 3 of the defendant Foundation's Articles of Incorporation, and Articles 3 and 16 of its Personnel Regulations, assistant professors and full-time instructors are to be appointed for a fixed term of two to three years, and when the president reappoints a faculty member, this must go through deliberation by the Faculty Personnel Committee; as for faculty members who are not to be reappointed, the relevant faculty member must be notified of the reasons therefor one month prior to the end of the semester in which the term expires. These provisions merely set forth reappointment procedures and do not, anywhere in these provisions, impose upon the appointing authority any obligation to reappoint a person whose appointment term has expired, nor do they establish any basis regarding the requirements for such reappointment. Accordingly, upon expiration of the appointment term as set forth above, the status relationship as a university faculty member naturally terminates. Therefore, even if the defendant's dismissal disposition against the plaintiff were invalid, the plaintiff could not recover the status of a faculty member of Kukje University under the defendant Foundation, and thus the action seeking confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition fails to satisfy the requirement of interest in confirmation or the requirement for protection of rights. The lower court further held that even if there were a need to seek confirmation of invalidity as a preliminary issue in the plaintiff's wage claim action against the defendant, such confirmation could not serve as an effective and appropriate means, and thus there is no interest in separately contesting the invalidity of the dismissal disposition through a separate action for confirmation. The lower court accordingly determined that the action seeking confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition was unlawful.

2. Upon examination of the record, the lower court's determination that the status relationship as a faculty member of Kukje College under the defendant Foundation naturally terminated upon expiration of the plaintiff's appointment term as stated above is justified, and there is no illegality as argued in the grounds of appeal.

However, even with respect to a past legal relationship, where such relationship continues to affect a present right or legal status, and where obtaining a declaratory judgment concerning that legal relationship is recognized as an effective and appropriate means of removing danger or uncertainty concerning a present right or legal status, an action for confirmation of that legal relationship should be deemed to have the benefit of immediate confirmation. This interpretation is also consistent with the dispute-resolution and dispute-prevention functions of declaratory actions. As the lower court held, since the plaintiff's appointment term as a faculty member of Kukje College under the defendant Foundation has already expired, and the plaintiff can no longer return to the status of a faculty member of said school, the claim for confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition in this case, insofar as it concerns recovery of the status of faculty member of said school, amounts to nothing more than a claim for confirmation of a past legal relationship that has no effect on a present legal relationship. Nevertheless, insofar as the continued existence of the dismissal disposition poses a danger or uncertainty to the plaintiff with respect to rights or legal status other than the status of faculty member of said school, if obtaining a judgment confirming the invalidity of the dismissal disposition is recognized as an effective and appropriate means of removing such danger or uncertainty, then the action seeking confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition should be deemed to have the benefit of immediate confirmation.

Now, Article 33, Paragraph 1, Items 7 and 8 of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) list, as grounds for disqualification from appointment as a public official, cases where five years have not elapsed since a person received a disciplinary dismissal (파면) or three years have not elapsed since a person received a disciplinary discharge (해임). Article 77, Item 1 of the Education Act (교육법) lists, as a ground for disqualification from appointment as a faculty member, a case where a person is ineligible to hold public office under other statutes. Furthermore, Article 54, Paragraph 3 of the Private School Act (사립학교법) provides that with respect to a person who has grounds for disqualification from appointment as a faculty member as described above, the appointing/dismissing authority may be required to discharge such person. In light of each of these provisions, the plaintiff, as a result of the dismissal disposition in this case, cannot avoid being treated as disqualified from appointment to public office or as a faculty member for three years from the date of the dismissal disposition. Moreover, even after the period of disqualification has elapsed, there is no doubt that a prior record of having received a disciplinary dismissal such as the one in this case will function as a disadvantageous impediment to appointment to public office or as a faculty member, compared to a person without such a record. Therefore, it is appropriate to view that the plaintiff has an interest in seeking confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition in this case in order to remove the danger or uncertainty concerning his legal status with respect to eligibility for appointment to public office or as a faculty member.

The effect that an ordinary disciplinary dismissal (파면) or disciplinary discharge (해임) has upon the person concerned is not limited merely to the loss of one's current job and wage income, but extends to serious consequences including damage to social reputation and restriction of opportunities for reemployment. Therefore, where the plaintiff asserts the invalidity of such a disposition, the plaintiff's claim should not be readily rejected merely on the ground that the term of the status held at the time the disposition was received has expired and recovery of that status is no longer possible. Rather, the court should examine what legal disadvantages the plaintiff would suffer as a result of the continued existence of the dismissal disposition alleged to be invalid, beyond the pre-existing status relationship, and should appropriately exercise its authority to seek clarification (석명권) from the parties on this point in order to determine whether there is an interest in confirmation.

The lower court, without doing so, rendered the above determination, thereby committing an error of law regarding the legal principles on the interest in confirmation which affected the judgment, and the judgment cannot be sustained.

3. Therefore, the part of the lower court judgment against the plaintiff regarding the confirmation of invalidity of the dismissal disposition is reversed and remanded. As no grounds of appeal have been asserted with respect to the part of the judgment against the plaintiff regarding the claim for payment of money, that portion of the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of appeal relating thereto shall be borne by the losing party. It is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Bae Man-woon (Presiding Justice), Justice Yi Hoi-chang, Justice Lee Jae-sung, Justice Kim Seok-su

【판결요지】

가. 3년의 기간을 정하여 사립대학의 조교수로 임용된 원고에 대하여 임용기간이 만료됨으로써 그의 대학 교원으로서의 신분관계가 당연히 종료되었다고 본 사례

나. 과거의 법률관계라고 할지라도 현재의 권리 또는 법률상 지위에 영향을 미치고 있고 현재의 권리 또는 법률상 지위에 대한 위험이나 불안을 제거하기 위하여 그 법률관계에 관한 확인판결을 받는 것이 유효적절한 수단이라고 인정될 때에는 그 법률관계의 확인소송은 즉시확정의 이익이 있다고 보아야 할 것이고 또 이렇게 보는 것이 확인소송의 분쟁해결기능과 분쟁예방기능에도 합치된다.

다. 위 “가”항의 원고에 대한 해임처분이 있은 후 임용기간이 만료되어 더이상 그 신분회복이 불가능하게 되었다 하더라도, 국가공무원법 제33조 제1항 제7호 및 제8호, 교육법 제77조 제1호, 사립학교법 제54조 제3항에 비추어 보면 원고는 해임처분으로 말미암아 해임처분이 있은 날로부터 3년간 공직 또는 교원으로 임용될 수 없는 결격자로 취급될 수 밖에 없을 뿐 아니라, 그 결격기간이 경과한 뒤라도 징계해임처분을 받은 전력은 공직 또는 교원으로 임용되는 데에 있어서 그러한 전력이 없는 사람보다 불이익한 장애사유로 작용할 것은 의심의 여지가 없으므로, 원고로서는 공직이나 교원으로 임용될 수 있는 법률상 지위에 대한 위험이나 불안을 제거하기 위하여 해임처분의 무효확인을 구할 이익이 있다.

【참조조문】

가. 교육공무원법 제11조 제3항 제1호, 제2호 / 나.다. 민사소송법 제228조 / 다. 국가공무원법 제33조 제1항 제7호, 제8호, 교육법 제77조 제1호, 사립학교법 제54조 제3항

【참조판례】

나. 대법원 1978.7.11. 선고 78므7 판결(공1978,11005) / 다. 대법원 1990.10.23. 선고 90누3119 판결(공1990,2440)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,048자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 한경국)

【피고, 피상고인】 학교법인 성한학원 (소송대리인 변호사 박승서)

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1990.11.28. 선고 90나15145 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 해임처분무효확인에 관한 원고 패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

나머지 상고를 기각하고 이 상고기각 부분에 관한 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 원고소송대리인의 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은 원고가 이 사건 소로써 피고의 1988.12.31. 자 해임처분이 무효라고 주장하면서 그 무효확인을 구한 데에 대하여, 그 거시증거에 의하면 원고는 1986.4.1. 피고 법인 산하의 국제대학장에 의하여 3년간 임용기간을 정하여 피고법인이 설립운영하는 국제대학의 조교수로 임용된 사실이 인정되고 그 임용기간이 이미 만료되었음은 역수상 명백하다고 한 후, 교육공무원법 제11조 제3항 제1호, 제2호 및 피고법인의 정관 제32조 제2항, 제3항과 인사규정 제3조, 제16조에 의하면 조교수 및 전임강사는 2년 내지 3년의 기간을 정하여 임용하고 학장이 교원을 재임용할 때는 교원인사위원회의 심의를 거치도록 하며 재임용하지 않을 교원에 대하여는 임기가 만료되는 학기말의 1개월 전에 해당 교원에게 그 사유를 통보하도록 하는 내용의 재임용절차만을 규정하고 있을 뿐 위 규정들 어디에도 임용권자에게 임용기간이 만료된 자를 다시 임용할 의무를 지우거나 그 요건 등에 관하여 아무런 근거규정을 둔바 없어 위에서 정한 임용기간이 만료됨으로써 대학 교원으로서의 신분관계는 당연히 종료된다고 할 것이므로, 피고의 원고에 대한 위 해임처분이 무효라고 하더라도 원고는 피고법인 산하의 국제대학교 교원의 신분을 회복할 수 없는 것으로서 위 해임처분의 무효확인의 소는 확인의 이익 또는 권리보호의 요건을 갖추지 못한 것이고, 원고의 피고에 대한 임금청구소송에 그 선결문제로서 무효확인을 구할 필요성이 있다고 하더라도 유효적절한 수단이 될 수 없어 위 해임처분의 무효확인만을 따로이 소로 다툴 이익이 없으므로 결국 위 해임처분의 무효확인을 구하는 소는 부적법하다고 판단하였다.

2. 기록에 의하여 살펴보면 원고에 대한 위 임용기간이 만료됨으로써 피고법인 산하 국제대학 교원으로서의 신분관계는 당연히 종료되었다고 본 원심판단은 정당하고 소론과 같은 위법이 없다.

그러나 과거의 법률관계라고 할지라도 현재의 권리 또는 법률상 지위에 영향을 미치고 있고 현재의 권리 또는 법률상 지위에 대한 위험이나 불안을 제거하기 위하여 그 법률관계에 관한 확인판결을 받는 것이 유효적절한 수단이라고 인정될 때에는 그 법률관계의 확인소송은 즉시확정의 이익이 있다고 보아야 할 것이고 또 이렇게 보는 것이 확인소송의 분쟁해결기능과 분쟁예방 기능에도 합치되는 것인바, 원심이 판시하고 있는 바와 같이 원고는 피고법인 산하 국제대학 교원의 임용기간이 이미 만료되어 더 이상 위 학교 교원의 신분으로 되돌아 갈 수 없게 되었으므로 위 학교교원의 신분회복이라는 측면에서는 위 사건 해임처분의 무효확인청구는 현재의 법률관계에 아무런 영향을 미치지 못하는 과거의 법률관계확인청구에 지나지 않으나, 위 해임처분이 존속함으로 말미암아 원고가 위 학교교원의 신분 외의 다른 권리 또는 법률상 지위에 대한 위험이나 불안을 제거하기 위하여 위 해임처분의 무효확인판결을 받는 것이 유효적절한 수단이라고 인정된다면 위 해임처분의 무효확인을 구하는 소송은 즉시확정의 이익이 있다고 보아야 할 것이다.

그런데 국가공무원법 제33조 제1항 제7호 및 제8호는 공무원 임용의 결격사유로서 징계에 의하여 파면의 처분을 받은 때로부터 5년을 경과하지 아니하거나 징계에 의하여 해임의 처분을 받은 때로부터 3년을 경과하지 아니한 경우를 들고 있고, 교육법 제77조 제1호는 교원임용의 결격사유로서 타법령의 규정에 의하여 공직에 취임할 수 없는 경우를 들고 있으며,또 사립학교법 제54조 제3항은 위와 같은 경우 교원임용의 결격사유가 있는 자에 대하여는 임면권자에게 해직을 요구할 수 있도록 규정하고 있는 바, 위 각 규정에 비추어보면 원고는 이 사건 해임처분으로 말미암아 해임처분이 있은 발로부터 3년간 공직 또는 교원으로 임용될 수 없는 결격자로 취급될 수밖에 없을 뿐 아니라,그 결격기간이 경과한 뒤라도 이 사건과 같은 징계해임처분을 받은 전력은 공직 또는 교원으로 임용되는 데에 있어서 그러한 전력이 없는 사람보다 불이익한 장애사유로 작용할 것은 의심의 여지가 없으므로, 원고로서는 공직이나 교원으로 임용될 수 있는 법률상 지위에 대한 위험이나 불안을 제거하기 위하여 이 사건 해임처분의 무효확인을 구할 이익이 있다고 보는 것이 타당하다.

일반적인 징계파면이나 징계해임처분이 본인에게 미치는 영향은 단순히 현재의 직장과 임금수입을 잃게 되는 것만에 그치는 것이 아니라 사회적인 명예의 손상과 재취업의 기회가 제한되는 심각한 결과에까지 이르는 것이므로, 원고가 그 처분의 무효를 주장하고 나선 경우에는 그 처분을 받을 당시의 신분의 존속기간이 만료되어 더이상 그 신분회복이 불가능하다는 이유만으로 가볍게 원고의 청구를 배척할 것이 아니라, 기존의 신분관계 외에도 무효라고 주장하는 해임처분이 존속함으로 말미암아 원고가 입게 될 법률상 불이익이 무엇이 있는지를 살펴보고 이 점에 관하여 당사자에게도 적절하게 석명권을 행사하여 확인의 이익 유무를 가려보아야 한다.

원심이 이에 이름이 없이 위와 같이 판단하고 말았음은 확인의 이익에 관한 법리오해로 판결에 영향을 미친 위법을 저지른 것으로서 도저히 유지될 수 없다고 할 것이다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결 중 해임처분무효확인에 관한 원고 패소부분을 파기환송하고 금원지급청구에 관한 원고 패소부분에 관하여는 아무런 상고이유의 주장이 없으므로 상고를 기각하고 그 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 배만운(재판장) 이회창 이재성 김석수

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