Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 99다5484

Promissory Note Payment Dispute (약속어음금)약속어음금

Decided2001. 06. 26. Court대법원Worker (Employee) Won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved an advertising sales representative who was sued on a promissory note (약속어음) issued to cover unpaid advertising fees, with the central question being whether he qualified as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) rather than an independent contractor. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that, despite holding business registration as a sole proprietor and being paid on commission, the sales representative was in substance economically and organizationally subordinate to the company. As a result, the court held he was not personally liable to reimburse the company for uncollected advertising fees.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company tried to hold its commission-based advertising sales representative personally liable, via a promissory note, for advertising fees that clients failed to pay.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court found the representative was actually an employee under labor law, not an independent contractor, and therefore had no personal duty to cover the unpaid fees.
  • LessonEmployers cannot avoid employee protections simply by using commission pay or requiring business registration; courts will look at the real working relationship to decide employee status.
Issues
  • Whether an advertising sales representative qualifies as an 'employee' under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법상 근로자)
  • Whether the sales representative committed embezzlement (횡령) with respect to advertising fees
  • Whether the sales representative bore personal liability to repay uncollected advertising fees
Key reasoning

The Court reaffirmed that employee status (근로자성) under Korean labor law must be determined by the actual substance of the working relationship, not merely by the form of the contract or how the worker is registered for tax or business purposes. Key factors include whether the company directed and supervised the worker's duties, whether working hours and location were controlled by the company, whether compensation was tied to time worked rather than purely to performance, and whether the worker was exclusively tied to one company. Even though the sales representative received performance-based pay and had registered as an independent business owner, the Court found that he was in reality integrated into and dependent on the company's business operations. Because he was properly classified as an employee, he could not be held personally liable, as an independent contractor might be, for advertising fees that customers failed to pay.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) must be determined not by the form of the contract but by whether, in substance, the person provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages. In making such determination, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to the application of employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the person is subject to specific and direct direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and working place are designated by the employer and whether the person is bound thereby; the ownership relationship of equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wages is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-providing relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the person's status as an employee should be recognized under other statutes such as social security legislation; and the economic and social conditions of both parties. In assessing such subordination, the need for protection under labor-related statutes must also be taken into account.

[2] A case holding that an advertising sales employee engaged in the business of soliciting advertisements and collecting advertising fees constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

[3] A case holding that, although the service pledge (근무서약서) and labor agreement (근로약정서) submitted by the sales employee to the advertising company contained provisions related to depositing and repaying uncollected advertising fees, these provisions merely stipulated the employee's job duty to collect and deposit outstanding advertising fees and the duty to compensate the company for damages caused intentionally or negligently in the course of handling advertisement solicitation and fee collection business, and did not stipulate an obligation to pay the advertising fees on behalf of the advertiser.

[4] A case holding that the fact that the advertising sales employee issued a promissory note with a face value equal to the outstanding advertising fees at the request of the company to which he belonged cannot be regarded as an undertaking to directly repay the outstanding advertising fees or as an assumption of that debt.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,773 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Korea Ilbo Dongbu Advertising Co., Ltd. (Attorney Kim Byung-jun, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Judgment of December 4, 1998, 98Na16608

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. Determination as to whether the Defendant was an employee of the Plaintiff Company

Whether a person constitutes an "employee" under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) must be determined, irrespective of the form of the contract, according to whether the person, in substance, provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of receiving wages. In making this determination, the following matters must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work was determined by the employer and whether the person was subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the person was subject to specific and direct direction and supervision by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether working hours and the place of work were designated by the employer and whether the person was bound thereby; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, including whether the remuneration had the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage was set, and whether income tax was withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the person's status as an employee should be recognized under other statutes such as those concerning the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da56235, delivered February 9, 1999). In assessing such subordinate relationship, the need for protection under labor-related statutes must also be taken into account.

According to the reasoning of the first-instance judgment cited by the court below, the court below found as follows: according to the labor agreement prepared and submitted by the Defendant to the Plaintiff Company, the president not only oversaw all matters concerning field (outside) employees but also had authority over their hiring and dismissal, and had the authority to take personnel action when a field employee failed to faithfully perform his duties or a ground for dismissal arose, with the grounds for dismissal being defined as "unauthorized absence three or more times per month or two or more consecutive days, or markedly negligent work attitude"; that senior management employees of the Plaintiff Company supervised whether sales employees observed their attendance and departure times, received reports on work status through work logs, and gave individual and specific work instructions to sales employees; that the Defendant, along with other sales employees, was issued and carried an identification card from the Plaintiff Company, and was enrolled in the National Pension and the Medical Insurance Association with the Plaintiff Company designated as the place of business; that sales employees solicited advertisements from advertisers and concluded advertising contracts according to their own connections, experience, and ability, but such contracts were concluded in the name of the Plaintiff Company rather than in the individual name of the sales employee, and the employees were responsible for collecting advertising fees from advertisers and remitting them to the Plaintiff Company, with remuneration paid in the form of a performance-based payment consisting of a fixed percentage of the advertising fees according to the volume of advertisements solicited; and that the Defendant, at the request of the Plaintiff Company and in order to simplify the Plaintiff Company's tax matters, registered as a business operator in his own name on April 6, 1995, and issued some tax invoices accordingly. Based on these findings, and comprehensively considering the sales employees' attendance status, the content of their duties, the degree of direction and supervision by managers, and their enrollment in medical insurance and other matters constituting employee benefits, the court below determined that even though the Defendant received differential pay each month according to the volume of advertisements solicited and issued tax invoices in his own name, it was reasonable to view the Defendant as an employee in a subordinate employment relationship with the Plaintiff Company, and that it could not be viewed that the Defendant requested the Plaintiff Company to place advertisements as a party of equal standing to the Plaintiff Company.

Upon examining the relevant evidence against the record, the fact-finding and determination of the court below as set forth above are made in accordance with the legal principles set forth above and are justified, and there is no error therein in violation of the rules of evidence or in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning "employee" under the Labor Standards Act.

2. Determination as to whether the Defendant embezzled part of the advertising fees collected from advertisers

According to the reasoning of the first-instance judgment cited by the court below, the court below found as follows: sales employees of the Plaintiff Company received pay in proportion to the advertisements they solicited, and were required to remit the advertising fees for advertisements published in a given month by the last day of the following month, such that both the Plaintiff Company and its sales employees focused more on the total amount of advertising fees to be remitted for the month than on the specific details of fee collection; that accordingly, it was common practice, when a sales employee remitted advertising fees collected from advertisers to the Plaintiff Company, not to specify from which advertiser the fees had been received, and that so long as a sales employee remitted the amount scheduled for deposit that month, the Plaintiff Company did not verify the specific details, and even where the details did not match, the Plaintiff Company had accepted such remittances; that, in accordance with this remittance practice, the Defendant recorded in the books that he had remitted 4,950,000 won as the 1995 advertising fee for non-party ○○ Villa even though the actual fee was 770,000 won, while on the other hand, although he collected 3,863,000 won as advertising fees from non-parties △△ Housing, Korea Peninsula Trading Co., and others, he did not record these amounts in the books as fees from those respective advertisers but processed them as remittances forming part of the advertising fees of other advertisers; and that, with respect to the advertisements solicited by the Defendant, there remained outstanding advertising fee claims exceeding the amount of unpaid advertising fees alleged by the Plaintiff. Based on these findings, and considering the characteristics of the bookkeeping method for advertising fees, the remittance practice, and the total amount of outstanding unpaid advertising fees, the court below determined that even if part of the advertising fees collected by the Defendant were omitted from the books, it was reasonable to view that the Defendant had remitted all such fees to the Plaintiff Company, and that there was no other evidence to establish that the Defendant had embezzled the advertising fees he collected.

Upon examining the relevant evidence against the record, the fact-finding of the court below as set forth above is justified, and there is no error therein of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence.

3. Determination as to whether the Defendant agreed to directly pay the outstanding advertising fees

According to the reasoning of the first-instance judgment cited by the court below, the court below found that, while it is true that the service pledge and labor agreement prepared and submitted by the Defendant to the Plaintiff Company contained provisions relating to the remittance and repayment of outstanding advertising fees, when the contents of these documents are considered comprehensively, the obligations of the sales employee set forth in these documents should be construed as (i) the duty in the course of employment to collect and remit the outstanding advertising fees for advertisements the employee had solicited, and (ii) the duty to compensate for damage caused to the Plaintiff Company through intentional or negligent conduct in handling matters such as the collection of advertising fees and the handling of advertisement placement business, and it is reasonable to view that these obligations did not extend to an obligation to pay advertising fees on behalf of the advertiser in lieu of the advertiser. Upon examination of the record, this determination of the court below is acceptable, and there is no error therein in misconstruing the service pledge and the labor agreement.

Meanwhile, according to the reasoning of the first-instance judgment cited by the court below, the court below found as follows: as the outstanding advertising fees for advertisements solicited and published by the Defendant increased, the Plaintiff Company accused the Defendant of having been negligent in the fee-collection work and strongly demanded that he prepare a promissory note with the face value equal to the outstanding amount as of that time; and that on November 3, 1995, the Defendant, in accordance with the Plaintiff Company's demand, prepared and submitted to the Plaintiff Company a promissory note (Exhibit Ga No. 1) stating the face amount as 51,773,540 won, consisting of the then-outstanding advertising fees and dishonored amounts, with the due date recorded as February 28, 1996. Based on this finding, and in light of the circumstances under which the Defendant, having been accused by the Plaintiff Company of negligence in the collection work, was left with no choice but to prepare the promissory note in question, the court below determined that it was reasonable to view that the Defendant had agreed to compensate the Plaintiff Company only for the portion of the outstanding advertising fees that became uncollectible due to the Defendant's own occupational negligence, such as negligence in the performance of his duties, and had prepared the promissory note in question as security therefor; and, since it was recognized that the Defendant had exerted his best efforts in collecting the advertising fees without any fault attributable to him, the court below determined that the Defendant bore no liability for damages to the Plaintiff.

According to the record, it can be recognized that the Plaintiff accused the Defendant and other advertising sales employees of having caused the increase in outstanding fees through negligence in the fee-collection work, and instructed them to state their respective outstanding amounts on a promissory note, and that, in accordance with this instruction, the Defendant prepared and delivered the promissory note in question in the sense of confirming the outstanding amount as of that time (based on the description in Exhibit Eul No. 12 and the respective testimony of non-parties 1 and 2, witnesses in the first instance). In light of the circumstances under which the promissory note was prepared and the fact that the Defendant was fundamentally in the position of an employee, the mere fact of preparing the promissory note is insufficient to establish that the Defendant agreed to directly repay the outstanding advertising fees or to assume that obligation. Furthermore, since the promissory note was issued on the premise that the Defendant owed a debt for the outstanding advertising fees, with that debt as the underlying obligation, in this case where such underlying obligation is not recognized, the Defendant may refuse payment of the note amount against the Plaintiff, who is the Defendant's direct counterparty in the act of issuing the note, on the basis of such grounds.

Although the reasoning set forth by the court below is not appropriate, its conclusion in rejecting the Plaintiff's argument is justified. Accordingly, the ground of appeal alleging that the judgment below is unlawful due to misapprehension of the facts in violation of the rules of evidence or misunderstanding of the legal principles is without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order.

Supreme Court Justices Yu Ji-dam (Presiding Justice), Seo Seong, Bae Gi-won, Park Jae-yun (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 계약의 형식과는 관계없이 실질에 있어서 근로자가 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 이를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 가지고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공 관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정하여야 하는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여야 하고, 이러한 사용종속성의 판단에 있어서는 노동관계법에 의한 보호필요성도 고려하여야 한다.

[2] 광고수탁 및 광고료 수금업무에 종사하는 광고영업사원이 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당한다고 한 사례.

[3] 영업사원이 광고회사에 제출한 근무서약서와 근로약정서에 광고료 미수금에 대한 입금 및 변제에 관련된 규정이 있기는 하나 이는 영업사원에게 미수광고료를 수금하여 입금할 직무상의 의무 및 광고료 수금을 비롯한 광고수탁 업무를 취급함에 있어 고의 또는 과실로 회사에게 손해를 끼쳤을 때 그 손해를 배상할 의무가 있음을 규정한 것일 뿐, 광고주를 대신하여 광고료를 납부하여야 할 의무까지 있음을 규정한 것은 아니라고 한 사례.

[4] 광고영업사원이 소속 회사의 요구에 따라 미수광고료를 액면금으로 하는 약속어음을 발행한 것을 광고료 미수금을 직접 변제하기로 한 것이거나 그 채무를 인수하기로 한 것이라고 볼 수는 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조

[3] 민법 제105조

[4] 민법 제105조, 어음법 제78조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1997. 11. 28. 선고 97다7998 판결(공1998상, 46), 대법원 1997. 12. 26. 선고 97다17575 판결(공1998상, 396), 대법원 1999. 2. 9. 선고 97다56235 판결(공1999상, 451), 대법원 2001. 2. 9. 선고 2000다57498 판결(공2001상, 623)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,401자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 주식회사 한국일보동부광고사 (소송대리인 변호사 김병준)

【피고, 피상고인】 피고

【원심판결】 서울지법 1998. 12. 4. 선고 98나16608 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 피고가 원고 회사의 근로자인지 여부에 대한 판단

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부는 계약의 형식과는 관계없이 실질에 있어서 근로자가 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 이를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 가지고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공 관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정하여야 하는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여야 하고(대법원 1999. 2. 9. 선고 97다56235 판결 참조), 이러한 사용종속성의 판단에 있어서는 노동관계법에 의한 보호필요성도 고려하여야 한다.

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 피고가 작성하여 원고 회사에 제출한 근로약정서에 의하면 사장이 외근사원의 제반 업무를 관장할 뿐만 아니라 그 채용 및 해고를 담당하고, 외근사원이 제반 업무를 성실히 수행하지 못하고 해고사유에 해당할 때에는 인사조치할 권한을 가지고 있으며, 그 해고사유가 "월 3회 이상 또는 연속 2일 이상 무단결근 및 근무태도가 현저히 태만하였을 때"로 규정되어 있는 사실, 원고 회사의 고위관리직 사원은 영업사원들이 출퇴근시간을 준수하는지 여부를 감독하고 업무일지를 통하여 근무상황을 보고 받으면서 영업사원에게 개별적, 구체적 업무지시를 하여 온 사실, 피고를 비롯한 영업사원들은 원고 회사로부터 신분증을 교부받아 소지하고, 원고 회사를 사업장으로 하는 국민연금과 의료보험조합에 각 가입하여 있는 사실, 영업사원들은 자신의 기반, 경험 등 능력에 따라 광고주로부터 광고를 수주하고 광고계약을 체결함에 있어서 영업사원 개인 명의가 아니라 원고 회사 명의로 광고계약을 체결하였으며 광고주로부터 광고료를 수금하여 이를 원고 회사에 납입하는 업무를 담당하여 왔고, 다만 보수는 수주한 광고량에 따라 광고료 중 일정 비율의 금액을 지급받는 성과급의 형태로 지급받은 사실, 피고는 원고 회사의 세금문제를 간편히 처리하기 위하여 원고 회사의 요청에 따라 1995. 4. 6. 피고 명의로 사업자등록을 하고 일부 세금계산서를 발행하여 온 사실을 인정한 다음, 위와 같은 영업사원의 출퇴근 상황과 담당 업무의 내용, 관리자의 지휘·감독의 정도, 사원으로서 권익에 해당하는 의료보험 등의 가입상태 등을 종합하여 볼 때, 피고가 매월 수주 광고량에 따라 급여를 차등 지급받고 피고 명의로 세금계산서를 발행하여 왔다고 하더라도 피고는 원고 회사에 종속적인 피용관계에 있는 근로자라고 봄이 상당하다고 할 것이고, 원고 회사와 대등한 당사자의 지위에서 원고 회사에 광고게재를 의뢰하였다고 볼 수 없다고 판단하였다.

관련 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정 및 판단은 위에서 설시한 법리와 같은 취지에 의한 것으로 정당하고, 거기에 채증법칙 위반이나 근로기준법상 근로자에 관한 법리오해의 잘못이 있다고 할 수 없다.

2. 피고가 광고주로부터 수금한 광고료 중 일부를 횡령하였는지 여부에 대한 판단

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 원고 회사의 영업사원은 수주한 광고에 비례하여 급여를 지급받게 되고 당월 게재된 광고에 대한 광고료를 다음달 말일까지 입금시키게 되어 있어 원고 회사나 그 영업사원들 모두 구체적인 광고료 수금 내역보다는 당월에 입금하여야 할 광고료 수금 총액에 중점을 두었던 사실, 따라서 영업사원이 광고주로부터 수금한 광고료를 원고 회사에 입금시킬 때 어느 광고주로부터 받은 광고료인가를 명시하지 않는 경우가 흔하고, 영업사원이 그 달의 입금 예정액만을 입금하면 그 구체적 내역은 원고 회사가 확인하지 아니하였고 그 내역이 상이한 경우라도 이를 인정하여 왔던 사실, 피고도 이러한 입금관행에 따라 소외 ○○빌라에 대한 1995년도 광고료가 77만 원임에도 장부상 광고료로 495만 원을 입금한 것으로 기장하는 한편, 소외 △△주택, 한국반도상사 등의 광고료로 3,863,000원을 수금하였음에도 장부상 당해 광고주의 광고료로 기장하지 아니하고 다른 광고주의 광고료의 일부로 입금 처리하였고, 피고가 유치한 광고에 대하여는 원고가 주장하는 광고료 미수금 이상의 광고료 채권이 잔존하고 있는 사실을 인정한 다음, 위와 같은 광고료 장부의 기장방식의 특성, 광고료 입금관행, 잔존 광고료 미수금 총액 등을 고려하여 볼 때 피고가 수금한 일부 광고료가 장부상 누락되었다고 하더라도 이를 모두 원고 회사에 입금하였다고 봄이 상당하고, 달리 피고가 수금한 광고료를 횡령하였다는 사실을 인정할 증거가 없다고 판단하였다.

관련 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정은 정당하고, 거기에 채증법칙을 위반하여 사실을 오인한 잘못이 있다고 할 수 없다.

3. 피고가 광고료 미수금을 직접 지급하기로 약정하였는지 여부에 대한 판단

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 피고가 작성하여 원고 회사에 제출한 근무서약서와 근로약정서에 의하면 광고료 미수금에 대한 입금 및 변제에 관련된 조항이 규정되어 있는 사실은 인정되지만, 위 서면들의 기재 내용을 종합하여 볼 때, 위 서면들에 기재된 영업사원의 의무는 자기가 모집한 광고의 미수광고료를 수금하여 입금할 직무상의 의무 및 광고료 수금을 비롯한 광고수탁 업무를 취급함에 있어 고의 또는 과실로 원고 회사에게 손해를 끼쳤을 때 그 손해를 배상할 의무가 있음을 규정한 것으로 보아야 하고, 그 의무에 광고주를 대신하여 광고료를 대신 납부하여야 할 의무까지 포함되어 있는 것은 아니라고 봄이 상당하다고 판단하였는바, 기록에 비추어 살펴보면 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 수긍이 가고, 거기에 근무서약서와 근로약정서의 해석을 그르친 잘못이 있다고 할 수 없다.

한편, 원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 피고가 수주하여 게재된 광고에 대한 광고료 미수금이 불어나자 원고 회사는 피고에게 광고료 수금업무를 태만히 하였다고 추궁하면서 당시까지의 미수금을 액면가로 하는 약속어음을 작성하도록 강력히 요구하였고, 1995. 11. 3. 피고가 원고 회사의 요구에 따라 당시까지의 광고료 미수금 및 부도금 51,773,540원을 액면금으로 기재하고 지급기일을 1996. 2. 28.로 기재한 약속어음(갑 제1호증)을 작성하여 원고 회사에 제출한 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고가 원고 회사로부터 수금업무를 태만히 하였다고 추궁당하면서 어쩔수 없이 이 사건 약속어음을 작성하게 된 경위에 비추어 볼 때 피고는 광고료 미수금 중 피고의 근무태만 등 직무상 과실로 인하여 수금할 수 없게 된 부분의 금액만을 원고 회사에게 배상하기로 하고 그 담보로 이 사건 약속어음을 작성하였다고 봄이 상당하다고 할 것인데, 피고는 광고료를 수금함에 있어 귀책사유가 없이 최선을 다하였다고 인정되므로 원고에게 손해배상책임을 부담하지 않는다고 판단하였다.

기록에 의하면, 원고는 피고 등 광고 영업사원들에게 광고료 수금업무를 태만히 하여 미수금이 많아졌다고 추궁하면서 약속어음에 각자의 미수금을 적어 내라고 지시하였고, 이에 따라 피고는 그 때까지의 미수금을 확인해준다는 의미에서 위 약속어음을 작성하여 교부한 사실을 인정할 수 있는바(을 제12호증의 기재와 제1심 증인 소외 1, 소외 2의 각 증언), 이와 같은 약속어음의 작성경위와 피고가 본래 근로자의 지위에 있는 점에 비추어 볼 때 위 약속어음의 작성 사실만으로는 피고가 광고료 미수금을 직접 변제하거나 그 채무를 인수하기로 하는 약정을 하였다고 인정하기에 부족할 뿐만 아니라, 위 약속어음은 피고에게 광고료 미수금 지급채무가 있음을 전제로 이를 원인채무로 하여 발행된 것이므로 그러한 원인채무가 인정되지 않는 이 사건에서 피고는 어음행위의 직접 상대방인 원고에 대하여 이러한 사유를 들어 어음금의 지급을 거절할 수 있다고 할 것이다.

원심의 이유 설시는 적절치 아니하나 원고의 주장을 배척한 결론에 있어서는 정당하므로, 결국 원심판결에 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인 또는 법리오해의 위법이 있다는 상고이유의 주장은 이유 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 소송비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 유지담(재판장) 서성 배기원 박재윤(주심)

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