Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 92누12452

Case for Revocation of Retrial Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice (부당노동행위구제재심판정취소)부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided1993. 05. 25. Court대법원Employer won (labor union's petition dismissed)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union filed a petition seeking remedy for the dismissal of an individual worker who had been held in pretrial detention on criminal charges and was later sentenced to actual imprisonment. The Supreme Court ruled that a labor union does not have standing to file such a dismissal remedy petition (해고구제신청) on behalf of an individual worker. The Court further held that when a worker is unable to perform work for a prolonged period due to a final criminal sentence, the employer may lawfully treat the worker as having retired (퇴직처리) without going through disciplinary procedures.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A labor union filed a dismissal remedy petition on behalf of a worker who had been retired by the employer after being convicted and sentenced to actual imprisonment following pretrial detention.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that the labor union lacked standing to file the petition on the worker's behalf, and that the employer's decision to treat the worker as retired due to the criminal sentence was lawful.
  • LessonLesson: A dismissal remedy petition (해고구제신청) must be filed by the affected worker personally, and an employer may lawfully process a worker's retirement following a criminal conviction without conducting formal disciplinary procedures.
Issues
  • Whether a labor union has standing to file a dismissal remedy petition (해고구제신청) on behalf of an individual worker
  • Whether it is lawful to process a worker as retired after the worker, who was on leave due to pretrial detention, is convicted and sentenced to actual imprisonment
  • Whether disciplinary procedures (징계절차) must be followed when processing such a retirement
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that only the individual worker who was actually dismissed—not the labor union—can be a proper party to a petition for remedy against dismissal (해고구제신청), since the union is not the one whose employment relationship was terminated. Separately, when a worker is convicted and sentenced to actual imprisonment following pretrial detention, this creates a long-term inability to perform the employment contract. In such a case, treating the worker as retired is not a disciplinary action (징계) but rather a legitimate administrative measure reflecting the practical impossibility of continuing the employment relationship. Because this retirement processing is not disciplinary in nature, the employer is not required to follow disciplinary procedures (징계절차) such as prior notice or a hearing before implementing it.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Under Article 27-3 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), where an employer dismisses, suspends, disciplines, transfers, reduces the wages of, or otherwise penalizes an employee without justifiable cause, the only person who may apply to the Labor Relations Commission for relief is "the employee concerned" who has received the dismissal or other disadvantageous disposition, and a labor union is not included therein.

나. The phrase "when a conviction is rendered in the case of a leave of absence due to detention and indictment on criminal charges," which is provided as a ground for retirement in the rules of employment, means that an employee placed on leave of absence due to detention and indictment is sentenced to a conviction, that is, a sentence of actual imprisonment, of such content that the original substantive ground for the leave of absence—namely, physical detention rendering actual provision of labor impossible—remains unresolved even at the time when the period of leave of absence prescribed in the rules of employment and the collective agreement expires, that is, at the time the first instance judgment is rendered.

다. Interpreting the provision to mean that an employee placed on leave of absence due to detention and indictment shall be treated as having retired where the first instance judgment finds him guilty (with an actual sentence) does not mean that the disadvantageous disposition of retirement is imposed on the basis of the criminal facts recognized in the conviction being deemed finally established as guilty by the rendering of the first instance judgment; rather, it means that the employee is treated as having retired on the basis of the fact itself that, due to circumstances on the employee's side—namely, being compelled to remain absent from work for a prolonged period because of prolonged detention—the employee has become unable to provide labor, which is the basic obligation under the labor contract, not only up until the time the first instance judgment is rendered upon expiration of the leave-of-absence period but even thereafter. Therefore, the rules of employment referred to in item "나" above do not violate the constitutional principle of presumption of innocence. Meanwhile, where an employer terminates the labor contract relationship with an employee by a unilateral declaration of intent pursuant to the above rules of employment, in order for such termination to be recognized as justifiable, there must be "justifiable cause" as prescribed in Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법); accordingly, it cannot be said that the above rules of employment violate the provision of Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act.

라. Since the disposition of retirement under the provision of the rules of employment referred to in item "나" above is not prescribed as a form of disciplinary action in the collective agreement or the rules of employment, there is no need to go through disciplinary procedures, such as granting the employee concerned an opportunity to offer an explanation, in carrying out a retirement disposition based thereon.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,102 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Hyundai Heavy Industries Labor Union, Attorneys Yoon Jong-hyun and 3 others, Counsel for the Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission (중앙노동위원회)
[Intervenor for the Defendant] Hyundai Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Attorney Lee Bong-gu, Counsel for the Intervenor
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 91Gu13832 rendered on July 10, 1992

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

1. Regarding Ground of Appeal No. 1 raised by the Plaintiff's Attorneys

Under Article 27-3 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), where an employer dismisses, suspends, places on leave without pay, transfers, reduces the wages of, or otherwise disciplines a worker without justifiable cause, the party entitled to apply to the Labor Relations Commission for remedy is only the "worker concerned" who received such disadvantageous disposition as dismissal, and does not include the labor union. This is the position taken in this Court's precedent (Supreme Court Decision 92Nu11114 rendered on November 13, 1992). Accordingly, the argument criticizing the judgment below, which ruled to the same effect, as containing an error of law by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning Article 27-3, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act, cannot be accepted.

2. Regarding Grounds of Appeal No. 2, Subparagraphs (1), (2), and (3)

Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment (취업규칙) of the Intervenor for the Defendant (hereinafter referred to as the "Intervenor") company provides, as one of the grounds for retirement, "where a person receives a guilty verdict during a leave of absence under Article 8, Subparagraph 4 (where indicted and detained for a criminal case)." It is reasonable to interpret this provision as meaning that, at the time the period of leave of absence prescribed in Article 9, Paragraph 2 of the Rules of Employment and Article 23, Paragraph 2 of the Collective Agreement expires—that is, by the time the first instance judgment is rendered—for an employee who was placed on leave of absence due to detention and indictment, if that employee receives a guilty verdict, namely a sentence of actual imprisonment, such that the original substantive ground for the leave of absence—physical detention rendering actual provision of labor impossible—has not been resolved, then the employee is treated as retired. Interpreting the provision in this way, such that an employee who was placed on leave of absence due to detention and indictment and who receives a guilty first-instance judgment (actual imprisonment) is treated as retired, does not mean that the disadvantageous disposition of retirement is imposed based on the criminal facts found in the guilty judgment on the basis that guilt has been finally confirmed by the rendering of the first instance judgment. Rather, it means that the employee is treated as retired based on the fact itself that, due to circumstances on the worker's side—namely, being unable to avoid prolonged absence from work due to prolonged detention, both up to the time the first instance judgment is rendered (when the leave of absence period expires) and thereafter—the employee has become unable to provide labor, which is the basic obligation under the employment contract. Therefore, Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment does not violate the constitutional principle of presumption of innocence, under which a criminal defendant is presumed innocent until a guilty verdict is finalized. Meanwhile, where an employer unilaterally terminates the employment contract relationship with an employee pursuant to Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment, in order for such termination to be recognized as valid, there must ultimately exist "justifiable cause" as prescribed in Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act. Therefore, it cannot be said that the provision of Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment violates the provision of Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act. This is the position taken in this Court's precedent (Supreme Court Decision 92Nu6082 rendered on November 13, 1992). Accordingly, the argument criticizing the judgment below, which ruled to the same effect, as having misinterpreted Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment or as containing an error of law by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the principle of presumption of innocence or Article 27, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act, cannot be accepted either.

3. Regarding Ground of Appeal No. 2, Subparagraph (4) and Ground of Appeal No. 3

The court below determined that even if Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment were applied by the Intervenor company for its own convenience and abused as a means of unfair labor practice, in such cases the matter should be resolved by determining, according to the specific circumstances, whether an unfair labor practice has been established and by providing remedy for the worker's disadvantage accordingly; the mere possibility of abuse alone cannot render the Rules of Employment invalid. The court below further determined that it cannot be found that the Intervenor company's treatment of Nonparty 1, Nonparty 2, and Nonparty 3, among others, as retired pursuant to Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment, constituted an unfair labor practice. In light of the relevant evidence, the record, and the provisions of the relevant statutes, the above findings and determinations of the court below are recognized as justified, and it cannot be found that the judgment below, as argued, violated the rules of evidence in erroneously finding facts, or contained an error of law by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning unfair labor practices. Therefore, this argument is also without merit.

4. Regarding Ground of Appeal No. 2, Subparagraph (5)

Since neither the Collective Agreement nor the Rules of Employment of the Intervenor company provide for the disposition of retirement under Article 14, Subparagraph 7 of the Rules of Employment as a form of disciplinary action, it is not necessary, in carrying out such retirement disposition, to go through disciplinary procedures such as affording the employee concerned an opportunity to present a defense (see this Court's Decision 91Nu0480 rendered on May 8, 1992; Decision 92Nu6082 rendered on November 13, 1992, among others). Accordingly, the argument criticizing the judgment below, which ruled to the same effect, as containing an error of law by misunderstanding the legal principles on this point, cannot be accepted either.

5. Therefore, the Plaintiff's appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the Justices participating in the deliberation.

Presiding Justice Yoon Kwan, Justice Kim Ju-han, Justice Kim Yong-jun (Justice in charge), Justice Cheon Kyung-song

【판결요지】

가. 사용자가 근로자에 대하여 정당한 이유 없이 해고·휴직·정직·전직·감봉 기타 징벌을 한 때에 근로기준법 제27조의3에 따라 노동위원회에 구제를 신청할 수 있는 자는 해고 등 불이익처분을 받은 “당해 근로자”뿐이고 노동조합은 이에 포함되지 않는다.

나. 취업규칙에 퇴직사유로 규정되어 있는 “형사사건으로 구속기소되었을 때의 휴직에 있어서 유죄판결을 받았을 때”라는 것은 구속기소로 인하여 휴직처리된 종업원이 취업규칙과 단체협약에 규정된 휴직기간이 만료되는 때 즉 제1심판결이 선고될 때까지도 현실적인 근로의 제공이 불가능한 신체의 구속이라는 당초의 실질적인 휴직사유가 해소되지 아니하는 내용의 유죄판결 즉 실형의 판결을 선고받는 것을 의미한다.

다. 구속기소로 인하여 휴직처리된 종업원이 유죄의 제1심판결(實形)을 선고받은 경우 퇴직처리하는 것으로 해석하는 것은 유죄판결에서 인정된 범죄사실이 제1심판결의 선고에 의하여 유죄로 확정된 것으로 보아 그 범죄사실에 의하여 퇴직이라는 불이익처분을 하는 것이 아니라 종업원이 휴직기간이 만료되는 제1심판결의 선고시까지는 물론이고 그 이후에도 장기구속에 따라 장기결근할 수밖에 없는 근로자측의 사정으로 말미암아 근로계약에 따르는 기본적 의무인 근로의 제공을 할 수 없게 된 사실 그 자체에 의하여 퇴직처리한다는 취지이므로 위 “나”항의 취업규칙이 헌법상의 무죄추정 원칙에 어긋나는 것은 아니며, 한편 사용자가 위 취업규칙에 따라 일방적 의사표시로 종업원과의 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 경우 그것이 정당한 것으로 인정되기 위하여는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 규정된 “정당한 이유”가 있어야 되므로 위 취업규칙이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항의 규정에 위배되는 것이라고 할 수 없다.

라. 단체협약이나 취업규칙에 위 “나”항의 취업규칙 규정에 의한 퇴직처분이 징계처분의 하나로 규정되어 있지 아니하므로 그에 의한 퇴직처분을 함에 있어서 당해 종업원에게 변명할 수 있는 기회를 부여하는 등의 징계절차를 거칠 필요가 없다.

【참조조문】

가.근로기준법 제27조의3 제2항, 노동조합법 제40조 제1항 / 나.다.라. 근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 제94조 / 다. 헌법 제27조 제4항

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1992.11.13. 선고 92누11114 판결(공1993,139) / 나.다.라. 대법원 1992.11.13. 선고 92누6082 판결(공1993,135) / 라. 대법원 1992.5.8. 선고 91누10480 판결(공1992,2024)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,432자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 현대중공업노동조합 소송대리인 변호사 윤종현 외 3인

【피고, 피상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인】 현대중공업주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 이봉구

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1992.7.10. 선고 91구13832 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 원고소송대리인들의 상고이유 제1점에 대한 판단

사용자가 근로자에 대하여 정당한 이유 없이 해고·휴직·정직·전직·감봉 기타 징벌을 한 때에 근로기준법 제27조의3에 따라 노동위원회에 그 구제를 신청할 수 있는 자는 위와 같은 해고 등의 불이익처분을 받은 “당해 근로자”뿐이고, 노동조합은 이에 포함되지 않는다고 보는 것이 당원의 판례(1992.11.13. 선고 92누11114 판결)가 취하고 있는 견해이므로, 이와 같은 취지로 판단한 원심판결에 근로기준법 제27조의3 제2항에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 비난하는 논지는 받아들일 것이 못된다.

2. 같은 상고이유 제2의 (1), (2), (3)점에 대한 판단

피고보조참가인(이 뒤에는 참가인이라고 약칭한다) 회사의 취업규칙 제14조 제7호에 퇴직사유의 하나로 규정되어 있는 “제8조 제4호(형사사건으로 구속기소되었을 때)의 휴직에 있어서 유죄판결을 받았을 때”라는 것은, 구속기소로 인하여 휴직처리된 종업원이 취업규칙 제9조 제2항과 단체협약 제23조 제2항에 규정된 휴직기간이 만료되는 때, 즉 제1심판결이 선고될 때까지도 현실적인 근로의 제공이 불가능한 신체의 구속이라는 당초의 실질적인 휴직사유가 해소되지 아니하는 내용의 유죄판결 즉 실형의 판결을 선고받는 것을 의미하는 것으로 해석하는 것이 상당하고, 이와 같이 구속기소로 인하여 휴직처리된 종업원이 유죄의 제1심판결(실형)을 선고받은 경우에 퇴직처리하는 것으로 해석하는 것은 그 유죄판결에서 인정된 범죄사실이 제1심판결의 선고에 의하여 유죄로 확정된 것으로 보아 그 범죄사실에 의하여 퇴직이라는 불이익처분을 하는 것이 아니라, 종업원이 휴직기간이 만료되는 제1심판결의 선고시까지는 물론이고 그 이후에도 장기구속에 따라 장기결근할 수밖에 없는 근로자측의 사정으로 말미암아 근로계약에 따르는 기본적 의무인 근로의 제공을 할 수 없게 된 사실 그 자체에 의하여 퇴직처리를 한다는 취지이므로, 취업규칙 제14조 제7호가 형사피고인은 유죄의 판결이 확정될 때까지 무죄로 추정된다는 헌법상의 무죄추정의 원칙에 어긋나는 것은 아니라고 할 것이며, 한편 사용자가 취업규칙 제14조 제7호에 따라 일방적인 의사표시로 종업원과의 근로계약관계를 종료시키는 경우 그것이 정당한 것으로 인정되기 위하여는 종국적으로 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 규정된 “정당한 이유”가 있어야 된다고 할 것이므로, 취업규칙 제14조 제7호의 규정이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항의 규정에 위배되는 것이라고는 할 수 없다고 보는 것이 당원의 판례(1992.11.13. 선고 92누6082 판결)가 취하고 있는 견해이므로, 이와 같은 취지로 판단한 원심판결에 취업규칙 제14조 제7호를 잘못 해석하였거나 무죄추정의 원칙 또는 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 비난하는 논지도 받아들일 것이 못된다.

3. 같은 상고이유 제2의 (4)점과 제3점에 대한 판단

원심은, 취업규칙 제14조 제7호가 참가인 회사에 의하여 편의적으로 적용되어 부당노동행위의 한 방편으로 남용되고 있다 하더라도 그와 같은 경우에는 사안에 따라 부당노동행위의 성립여부를 판단하여 근로자의 불이익을 구제하면 되는 것이지 남용될 가능성이 있다는 이유만으로 그 취업규칙을 무효라고 볼 수는 없는 것일 뿐만 아니라, 참가인 회사가 취업규칙 제14조 제7호에 따라 소외 1, 소외 2, 소외 3 등을 퇴직처리한 것이 부당노동행위라고 볼 수도 없다는 취지로 판단하였는바, 관계증거 및 기록과 관계법령의 규정내용에 비추어 보면, 원심의 위와 같은 인정판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고, 원심판결에 소론과 같이 채증법칙을 위반하여 사실을 잘못 인정하거나 부당노동행위 등에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 볼 수 없으므로, 논지도 이유가 없다.

4. 같은 상고이유 제2의(5)점에 대한 판단

참가인 회사의 단체협약이나 취업규칙에는 취업규칙 제14조 제7호에 의한 퇴직처분이 징계처분의 하나로 규정되어 있지 아니하여 위와 같은 퇴직처분을 함에 있어서 당해 종업원에게 변명을 할 수 있는 기회를 부여하는 등의 징계절차를 거칠 필요는 없다고 할 것이므로(당원 1992.5.8. 선고 91누0480 판결; 1992.11.13.선고 92누6082판결 등 참조), 이와 같은 취지로 판단한 원심판결에 이 점에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 비난하는 논지도 받아들일 수 없다.

5. 그러므로 원고의 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자인 원고의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤관(재판장) 김주한 김용준(주심) 천경송

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