Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91누3727

Revocation of Decision Denying Claim for Survivor's Compensation (유족보상금등지급청구부결처분취소)유족보상금등지급청구부결처분취소

Decided1991. 11. 08. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded (worker's family ultimately favored on appeal)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A tax official suffering from liver cirrhosis (간경화증) died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after overworking during a comprehensive tax audit assignment. The Supreme Court held that whether there is a causal link between the work and the death must be judged based on the specific employee's actual health condition, not that of an average healthy person. Even though the underlying disease was not caused by work, if work-related overexertion aggravated the pre-existing condition and led to death, it must be recognized as an occupational injury (업무상 재해), and the lower court's ruling was reversed and remanded.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA tax official with pre-existing liver cirrhosis died from gastrointestinal bleeding after intense overwork during a tax audit.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that his individual health condition, not an average worker's, should be used to assess causation, recognizing the death as work-related.
  • LessonEmployers and insurers must evaluate occupational injury claims based on the specific worker's actual health status, since work-related stress aggravating a pre-existing illness can still qualify as a compensable workplace injury (산업재해).
Issues
  • The standard for recognizing causation between work-related overexertion and the aggravation of a pre-existing illness
  • Whether the individual worker's specific health condition should be considered when determining occupational injury
  • Whether there is a substantial causal relationship between a liver cirrhosis patient's tax audit duties and death from upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Key reasoning

To establish a 'substantial causal relationship' (상당인과관계) required for recognizing an occupational injury, courts must assess the case based on the actual health and physical condition of the specific worker involved, not an average person's health standard. Even if the primary cause of a disease is unrelated to the work itself, if work-induced fatigue or overexertion combines with and aggravates a pre-existing condition to the point of causing death, a causal relationship with the employment can still be legally recognized. In this case, the deceased's underlying liver cirrhosis combined with the physical strain of the tax audit duties to bring about the fatal gastrointestinal bleeding, satisfying this standard.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

Judgment Summary

[1] Death constituting an occupational accident under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) requires a proximate causal relationship between the work and the disease that caused the death. However, even if the primary cause of the disease is not directly related to work, if work-related overexertion has combined with the primary cause of the disease to induce or aggravate it, causation should be found to exist.

[2] The existence of proximate causation between work and death should be determined not on the basis of an ordinary average person, but on the basis of the health and physical condition of the worker in question.

[3] Even if the work of undergoing a comprehensive tax audit, including several days of business travel, performed by the company's tax affairs employee would not have been excessive work for an ordinary average person, it can be considered a cause of overexertion in light of his health and physical condition, given that he had liver cirrhosis. If he died from upper gastrointestinal bleeding caused by the aggravation of his liver cirrhosis due to such overexertion, there is room to recognize causation between the work and the upper gastrointestinal bleeding that caused his death. Nevertheless, the court below denied causation and determined that this was not an occupational accident, thereby committing an error in fact-finding contrary to the rules of experience and a failure to fully examine the evidence. Case in which the judgment below was reversed on these grounds.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,932 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] Head of Seoul Regional Labor Office
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 90Gu19314 delivered on April 4, 1991

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

As to the Grounds of Appeal by Plaintiff's Litigation Representative

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, based on the evidence, the following facts: the deceased Nonparty 1, the husband of the Plaintiff, was born on January 3, 1944, joined Daehan Tongun Co., Ltd. on August 18, 1978, and mainly worked in accounting and tax affairs, serving as Acting Deputy Manager of Tax Affairs in the Accounting Department of the said company from August 18, 1989; that he suffered from pleurisy around February 1985, was diagnosed with liver cirrhosis in 1986, and from 1987 onward received hospitalized treatment for liver cirrhosis for about one month each year until the accident in this case; that from the time of his hospitalization at ○○ University Hospital in 1987, his health condition rapidly deteriorated, and even after discharge, he had to sleep for 30 minutes to one hour once or twice a day during working hours, although his work performance was still considered fair at that time; that from the time of his hospital treatment in 1988, his physical recovery from fatigue became even slower, and instances of him working only in the morning or leaving work around 4-5 p.m. gradually increased, with his work capacity and motivation significantly declining; that this condition continued into 1989, during which he became highly sensitive about his own health condition, and when the results of his monthly medical checkups were poor, he would leave work early or rest or sleep in the office, managing to continue working only with difficulty under the consideration of the company and his fellow employees; that around September 30, 1989, the company received notice from the National Tax Service that a comprehensive tax audit for the 1984 and 1985 fiscal years would be conducted from October 16 to November 30, 1989, and the company designated the deceased as the senior official responsible for receiving the audit; that the deceased, harboring considerable worry due to his health condition, spent somewhat busier time than usual from around that time preparing for the audit together with his subordinate staff, including organizing tax-related books; that when the audit began on October 16, 1989, he engaged in audit-related duties during ordinary working hours at the head office in Seoul until November 5 of that year; that from November 6 of that year, when part of the National Tax Service audit team was to inspect the company's Busan branch, he was ordered by the head office to travel to Busan, arrived at the Busan branch around 15:30 on November 6, and inspected the audit venue; that from the following day, November 7, until November 9 of that year, during normal working hours, Nonparty 2, who was then the Section Chief of Accounting Affairs in the Accounting Department, directly handled the audit reception while the deceased engaged in duties of standing by for the audit; that around 18:00 on November 9 of that year, after finishing the audit-related work and having dinner, he vomited while returning to his lodging, and although he received treatment at a hospital the following morning, he continued to vomit and even bled, with his condition failing to improve, so that around 06:40 on November 12 he was transferred to and treated at ○○ University Hospital, but around 07:50 on November 20 he died, the direct cause of death being upper gastrointestinal bleeding (massive hemorrhage due to rupture of esophageal varices caused by liver cirrhosis), with the underlying cause of death being liver cirrhosis; and that the deceased's chronic disease progressed from acute hepatitis, through chronic hepatitis, to liver cirrhosis, caused by infection with the hepatitis B virus, and that when portal hypertension increases due to the worsening of liver cirrhosis, rupture of esophageal varices occurs, which is closely related to the degree of liver cirrhosis, and that, depending on the condition, liver cirrhosis can be more rapidly aggravated by excessive work; and there being no rebuttal evidence to the contrary, the court below found the above facts.

The court below then determined as follows: even if the deceased, who had habitually been troubled by his health condition, experienced a certain degree of mental tension and burden in preparing for and undergoing the tax audit at the time of the accident in this case, and even if there was a somewhat heavier workload than usual in preparing for the audit, in light of the content and hours of his work before and after the accident in this case, and particularly considering that the performance of the audit-related duties beginning October 16, 1989 was judged to have been at an ordinary level, it could not be said that there was an excessive workload sufficient to cause mental and physical overwork; and considering, in addition, the circumstances that the deceased found it very difficult to perform normal work duties due to his severe symptoms of liver cirrhosis at the time, it was difficult to recognize that the deceased's death resulted from the pre-existing disease of liver cirrhosis being aggravated more rapidly than its natural course due to work-related overwork, and it was rather appropriate to view that he died as a result of the aggravation of long-term liver cirrhosis through its natural progression; therefore, the court below determined that the disposition in this case, rejecting the claim on the ground that the deceased's death was not a death under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법), was lawful.

In order for a death to constitute an occupational accident under the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, there must be a proximate causal relationship between the work and the disease causing the death; however, in this regard, even if the main cause of the disease is not directly related to the work, if work-related overwork, combined with the main cause of the disease, induced or aggravated the disease, a causal relationship must be recognized (see this Court's Decisions 90Nu4983 delivered on December 7, 1990; 90Nu8817 delivered on February 22, 1991, etc.); moreover, whether there is a proximate causal relationship between the work and the death must be determined not on the basis of an ordinary average person, but on the basis of the health and physical condition of the worker concerned (see this Court's Decision 91Nu5433 delivered on September 10, 1991).

According to the facts as found by the court below, the direct cause of the deceased's death was upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and the underlying cause was liver cirrhosis; liver cirrhosis, depending on its condition, can be more rapidly aggravated by excessive work; meanwhile, before the preparation for and conduct of the comprehensive tax audit, the deceased had managed to continue working only with difficulty due to his chronic disease, liver cirrhosis, under the consideration of the company and fellow employees, but due to the audit-related duties, he worked for several days, both at the head office and on a business trip, under mental tension and burden unlike usual. Therefore, even if such work was not excessive work for an ordinary average person, it may be considered to have been a cause of overwork in light of the deceased's health and physical condition; and further, if such overwork aggravated the deceased's underlying cause of death, liver cirrhosis, thereby causing the direct cause of death, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, there is room to recognize a causal relationship between the work and the upper gastrointestinal bleeding that caused the death.

Nevertheless, the court below hastily concluded that, in light of the fact that the deceased's performance of the audit-related duties was judged to have been at an ordinary level, there was no excessive workload sufficient to cause the deceased mental and physical overwork at the time of the accident in this case, and that the deceased's death resulted from the aggravation of long-term liver cirrhosis through its natural progression, and thereby determined that it was not an occupational accident; the judgment below thus cannot be said to be free from the illegality of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of experience and failing to properly conduct the deliberation. The argument has merit.

For the foregoing reasons, the judgment below is reversed and the case is remanded to the court below, this Decision being rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices involved.

Justice Yoon Young-chul (Presiding Justice), Park Woo-dong, Kim Sang-won, Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 산업재해보상보험법상의 업무상의 재해가 되는 사망은 업무와 사망의 원인이 되는 질병과 사이에 상당인과관계가 있어야 하는 것이지만, 이 경우 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무와 직접 관련이 없다 하더라도 업무상 과로가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 유발 또는 악화되었다면 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 한다.

나. 업무와 사망 사이의 상당인과관계의 유무는 보통 평균인이 아니라 당해 근로자의 건강과 신체조건을 기준으로 하여 판단하여야 한다.

다. 회사 세무담당자의 수일 간의 출장 등 종합세무감사 수감업무가 보통 평균인에게는 과중한 업무가 아니었다고 하더라도 간경화증이 있던 그의 건강과 신체조건으로 보아서는 과로의 원인이 되었다고 볼 수 있고, 위 과로가 간경화증을 악화시켜 발생한 상부위장관출혈로 인하여 사망하였다면 업무와 사망의 원인이 되는 상부위장관출혈과 사이에 인과관계를 인정할 여지도 있다고 할 것인데도, 원심이 인과관계를 부정하고 업무상 재해가 아니라고 판단함으로써 경험칙에 반한 사실오인, 심리미진의 위법을 저질렀다고 하여 원심판결을 파기한 사례.

【참조조문】

산업재해보상보험법 제3조 제1항

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1991.2.22. 선고 90누8817 판결(공1991,1097),1991.4.12. 선고 91누476 판결(공1991,1391),1991.10.22. 선고 91누4751 판결(공1991,2847),1991.11.8. 선고 91누3307 판결(동지)/나. 대법원 1991.9.10. 선고 91누5433 판결(공1991,2548)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,296자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 서울지방노동청장

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.4.4. 선고 90구19314 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 원고 소송대리인의 상고이유에 대하여

원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 그 증거에 의하여 원고의 남편인 망 소외 1은 1944.1.3.생으로서 1978.8.18. 대한통운주식회사에 입사하여 주로 경리 및 세무업무를 담당하여 오면서 1989.8.18.부터 위 회사 경리부 세무담당 차장 직무대행으로 근무해 오던 자인바, 1985.2.경 늑막염을 앓았고 1986년에는 간경화 판정을 받았으며 1987년부터는 매년 1개월 가량 간경화증으로 이 사건 재해시까지 입원치료를 받아 왔는데, 1987년 ○○대학병원에 입원하면서부터 건강상태가 급격히 나빠져 퇴원 후에는 근무시간 중에도 하루 1-2회 30분 내지 1시간 가량 수면을 취할 정도였지만 당시만 해도 근무상태는 양호한 편이었으나 1988년 입원치료 후부터는 신체의 피로회복이 더 늦어져오전 근무 또는 오후 4∼5시경 퇴근하는 사례가 점차 늘었으며 근무능력과 근무의욕이 매우 저하되었고, 이런 상태는 1989년에 들어서도 계속되어 자신의 건강상태에 신경이 예민하여졌고 매월 하는 검사의 수치가 나쁜 경우에는 일찍 퇴근하거나 사무실에서 휴식 또는 수면을 취하는 상태로 직장과 동료직원들의 배려 아래 어렵게 근무하여 왔던 사실, 그런던 중 1989.9.30.경 국세청으로부터 1989.10.16.부터 11.30.까지 1984, 1985. 회계년도에 대한 종합세무감사가 있다는 통보를 받은 위 회사가 위 망인을 세무감사 차 상급 수감책임자로 지정하자 위 망인은 건강문제로 적지 아니한 걱정을 안은 상태에서 그 무렵부터 부하 직원들과 함께 세무관련 장부를 정비하는 등 세무감사 수감준비에 평소보다 다소 바쁜 시간을 보내었고, 1989.10.16. 감사가 시작되자 같은 해 11.5까지 서울 본사에서 통상 근무시간에 수감업무에 종사하다가 같은 해 11.6.부터 국세청 감사반의 일부가 위 회사 부산지사에 대한 검사를 하게 되자 본사로부터 부산 출장을 명 받아 같은 날 11.6. 15:30 경 부산지사에 도착하여 수감 장소를 점검한 후, 그 이튿날인 같은 해 11.7.부터 같은 해 11.9.까지 정상근무시간 중 직접 수감은 당시 경리부 회계 차주계 과장으로 있던 소외 2가 받고 위 망인은 수검 대기업무에 종사하여 왔는 데, 같은 해 11.9. 18:00경 수감업무를 마치고 저녁을 먹은 다음 숙소로 오던 중 구토를 하여 다음날 아침 병원에서 치료를 받았으나 그 후에도 계속 구토가 나고 출혈까지 있는 등 병세가 호전되지 아니하여 11.12. 06:40 경 ○○대학병원으로 옮겨 치료를 받았으나 11.20. 07:50 경 직접사인은 상부위장관출혈 (간경화에 의한 식도 정맥류 파열로 인한 대량 출혈), 선행사인은 간경화증으로 사망한 사실, 위 망인의 지병은 비(B)형 간염 바이러스 감염에 의해 급성간염, 만성간염의 경과를 거쳐 간경화로 진행된 것인데, 간경화의 악화로 간문맥압이 항진되게 되는 경우 식도 정맥류의 파열이 발생하는 것으로서 이것은 간경화의 정도와 관련이 깊고, 간경화증은 상태에 따라 무리한 일이 병의 경과를 보다 빨리 악화시킬 수 있는 사실을 인정할 수 있고 달리 반증이 없다고 한 다음, 위 인정사실에 의하면, 평소 건강문제로 고심하고 있던 위 망인이 이 사건 재해를 당할 즈음 세무조사 수감준비 및 수감업무에 종사함에 있어 어느 정도의 정신적 긴장과 부담감이 있었고 또 수감준비에 있어 평소보다 다소 중한 업무부담이 있었다고 하더라도 이 사건 재해 전후의 업무내용, 업무시간 및 특히 1989.10.16.부터 시작한 수감업무의 수행이 통상의 수준이었다고 판단되는 점에 비추어 볼때 정신적 육체적 과로를 초래할 만한 업무과중이 있었다고 볼수 없고, 여기에 위 망인이 당시 심한 간경화증세로 인하여 정상적인 근무수행이 매우 어려웠던 상황을 아울러 고려하여 보면, 위 망인의 사망을 직무상 과로로 인하여 기존 질병인 간경화증이 자연적 경과보다 더 빨리 악화되어 사망에 이른것으로 인정하기는 곤란하고, 오히려 장기간에 걸친 간경화증이 자연적 진행상태를 거쳐 악화됨으로써 사망한 것으로 봄이 상당하다고 할 것이므로 위 망인의 사망이 산업재해보상보험법상의 사망이 아니라고 한 이 사건 부결처분은 적법하다고 판단하였다.

산업재해보상보험법상의 업무상의 재해가 되는 사망은 업무와 사망의 원인이 되는 질병과 사이에 상당인과관계가 있어야 하는 것이지만 이 경우 질병의 주된 발생원인이 업무와 직접 관련이 없다 하더라도 업무상의 과로가 질병의 주된 발생원인에 겹쳐서 유발 또는 악화되었다면 인과관계가 있다고 보아야 할 것이고 (당원 1990.12.7. 선고 90누4983 판결; 1991.2.22. 선고 90누8817 판결 등 참조), 또 업무와 사망 사이의 상당인과관계의 유무는 보통 평균인이 아니라 당해 근로자의 건강과 신체조건을 기준으로 하여 판단하여야 할 것이다( 당원 1991.9.10. 선고 91누5433 판결 참조).

원심이 확정한 바에 의하면, 망인의 직접사인은 상부위장관출혈이고, 선행사인은 간경화증인데, 간경화증은 상태에 따라 무리한 일로 인하여 병의 경과를 더 빨리 악화시킬 수 있고, 한편 위 망인은 위 종합세무감사의 준비 및 시행 이전에는 그의 지병인 간경화증 때문에 직장과 동료직원들의 배려 아래 어렵게 근무하여 왔으나 위 수감업무 때문에 평소와 달리 정신적 긴장과 부담감을 가지고 본사 및 출장근무를 여러 날 하였다는 것이므로, 위와 같은 업무가보통 평균인에게는 과중한 업무가 아니었다고 하더라도 위 망인의 건강과 신체조건으로 보아서는 과로의 원인이 되었다고 볼 수 있을 것이고, 나아가 위 과로가 망인의 선행사인인 간경화증을 악화시켜 직접사인인 상부위장관출혈을 야기시켰다면 업무와 사망의 원인이 되는 상부위장관출혈과 사이에 인과관계를 인정할 여지도 있다고 할 것이다.

그러함에도 불구하고 원심은 위 망인의 수감업무의 수행이 통상의 수준이었다고 판단되는 점에 비추어 볼 때 이 사건 재해 당시 망인에게 정신적, 육체적 과로를 초래할 만한 업무과중이 있었다고 볼 수 없고, 위 망인의 사망은 장기간에 걸친 간경화증이 자연적인 진행상태를 거쳐 악화됨으로써 사망한 것이라고 섣불리 단정하고 업무상의 재해가 아니라고 판단하였으니 원심판결에는 경험칙에 반하여 사실을 오인하고, 심리를 제대로 하지 아니한 위법이 있다고 아니할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 있다.

이상의 이유로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤영철(재판장) 박우동 김상원 박만호

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