Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 99두10438

Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivor Benefits, etc. (유족급여등부지급처분취소)유족급여등부지급처분취소

Decided2000. 01. 28. Court대법원Case reversed and remanded; ruling in favor of the worker's family (bereaved family)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker who suffered brain damage from a work-related accident (업무상 재해) and had been taking medication for seven years to treat an organic mental disorder later died. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) held that a substantial causal relationship (상당인과관계) should be recognized between the side effects of the treatment medication and the worker's death, even without a clear medical proof, and remanded the case after reversing the lower court's decision that had denied this causal link.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker who suffered brain damage from a workplace accident died after seven years of medication for a resulting mental disorder.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that the medication's side effects could be causally linked to the death, even without definitive medical proof, and sent the case back for further review.
  • LessonEmployers and insurers should recognize that death resulting from long-term treatment of a work-related injury—including drug side effects—can still qualify as a compensable work-related accident.
Issues
  • Whether death caused by side effects of medication used to treat a work-related injury constitutes a work-related accident (업무상 재해)
  • The standard for recognizing a substantial causal relationship (상당인과관계) between medication side effects and death
Key reasoning

A substantial causal relationship for work-related injury compensation does not require clear medical proof; it can be established through reasonable inference based on indirect facts and general experience (경험법칙). Death caused by side effects of medication prescribed to treat a work-related injury or illness also qualifies as a work-related accident (업무상 재해). Considering the fatal potential side effects of the medication taken for seven years, the worker's sudden cardiac death at a young age, and the absence of any other underlying disease, the Court found it highly probable that the death resulted from the medication's side effects.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The proximate causal relationship between work and injury required to recognize an occupational accident under Article 4, Subparagraph 1 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) need not be clearly proven medically or scientifically; it suffices if, considering all the circumstances, a proximate causal relationship between the work and the injury can be inferred. Therefore, even where there is no direct evidence regarding the cause of the accident, if work-relatedness can be presumed through the most reasonable inference based on empirical rules derived from indirect factual circumstances, it should be recognized as an occupational accident. This applies equally to a case where death results from side effects of medication, etc., administered to treat an injury or illness caused by an occupational accident; such death should also be regarded as an occupational accident, and the same legal principle applies in determining whether there is a proximate causal relationship between the side effects of such medication and the death.

[2] The Supreme Court reversed the judgment of the court below, which had denied proximate causation, holding that it could be inferred that there was a high likelihood that the deceased died from the side effects of medications he had taken over a long period, in light of the following circumstances: the medication that the deceased had taken for approximately seven years, up until immediately before his death, to treat an organic mental disorder resulting from an occupational accident, had fatal side effects such as sudden death following a drop in blood pressure and abnormal electrocardiogram findings; the cause of the deceased's death was diagnosed as cardiac arrest by the coroner and by the advisory physician of the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단); the cause of sudden death, one of the aforementioned side effects, was a drop in blood pressure or abnormal electrocardiogram findings, which appears to be not unrelated to the aforementioned cardiac arrest; the deceased died at the relatively young age of under 46; and no material could be found in the record to establish that the deceased had received treatment for any illness other than the injury resulting from the original accident and its aftereffects.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,416 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Woo Deok-seong, Counsel for the Plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service (근로복지공단)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 98Nu14855 rendered on September 2, 1999

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, upon comprehensive consideration of the evidence it adopted, found the following facts: ① The Plaintiff's husband, Non-party 1, while working as a driver for Non-party Company, was injured on September 21, 1990 in the course of his duties when a spring fragment flew and struck his head after breaking the windshield of the company-owned vehicle he was driving, resulting in a diagnosis of severe cerebral contusion, open comminuted depressed fracture of the frontal bone, and pneumocephalus, for which he received medical care approval from the Defendant; thereafter, he received medical care approval for additional injuries including acute epidural hematoma and organic mental disorder and continued receiving treatment, until he died at around 21:30 on April 23, 1997 while sleeping at his home. ② The deceased, born on (date of birth omitted), sustained severe injuries primarily to the head due to the above occupational accident, and after undergoing two right frontal craniotomies, continued to complain of headaches and memory decline; upon undergoing skull X-ray, brain CT scan, and EEG at St. Vincent's Hospital in Suwon, no abnormalities were found, but as a result of psychiatric examination, he was diagnosed with organic mental disorder on May 6, 1991, and thereafter received outpatient treatment until immediately before his death. ③ The deceased had continued to complain of headaches, forgetfulness, sleep disturbance, and cognitive decline, but had never been hospitalized for these symptoms, receiving outpatient treatment approximately once every two weeks and being administered psychotropic drugs and antidepressants; during the course of this treatment, no abnormalities appeared in his vital signs, speech, or other motor functions, and no signs suggesting a threat to life appeared. ④ Beginning a few days before his death, the deceased complained more frequently of symptoms such as vomiting after meals, dizziness, and headaches, and on the morning of the day of his death he even spoke incoherently, but showed no convulsive symptoms; he went to sleep at home at around 18:00 on April 23, 1997, the day of his death, and died at around 21:30 that same day. Non-party 2, a physician at Hu Sheng Clinic who examined the body, found no external wounds or bruises on the body and recorded the immediate cause of death as "cardiac arrest"; as the bereaved family stated that the deceased had died while receiving treatment following a traffic accident approximately seven years earlier, he recorded the intervening antecedent cause of death as "sequelae of traffic accident," but mistakenly omitted the notation "presumed" or "suspected" in preparing the death examination report. ⑤ Organic mental disorder is a diagnosis addressing only the mental state and is not in itself a direct cause of death. Based on these findings, the court below determined that although the deceased had received medical care for organic mental disorder resulting from the original accident up until immediately before his death, there was no evidence to establish that such organic mental disorder was the direct cause of death, or that there was otherwise a proximate causal relationship between the original accident or the resulting injury/illness and the deceased's death, and thus concluded that the deceased could not be found to have died from an occupational accident. Furthermore, with respect to the Plaintiff's argument—namely, that the deceased, having suffered an occupational accident on September 21, 1990 and received medical care approval from the Defendant for the aforementioned injuries, continuously took psychiatric medications such as Operazine, Peridol, and Xanax for approximately seven years until his death to treat the sequela of organic mental disorder; that these medications have side effects on the nervous system including insomnia, incoherent speech, headache, anxiety, and confusion, and gastrointestinal side effects including vomiting, which can ultimately lead to death from respiratory difficulty and impaired consciousness; that the deceased had habitually complained of headaches, forgetfulness, sleep disturbance, and cognitive decline, and particularly complained more frequently of vomiting, dizziness, and headaches beginning a few days before his death, and even spoke incoherently on the morning of the day of his death; that these symptoms exhibited by the deceased are identical to the side effects of the above medications, from which it can be inferred that the deceased's death was caused by the side effects of these medications; and that the deceased's death therefore constitutes an occupational accident—the court below rejected this argument on the ground that, in this case where the cause of the deceased's death has not been clearly established, the facts alleged were insufficient to infer that the deceased died from the side effects of the above medications, and there was no other evidence to establish this.

2. The proximate causal relationship between work and an accident required to recognize an occupational accident under Article 4, Subparagraph 1 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) need not necessarily be proven clearly through medical or natural scientific evidence; even where, considering all the circumstances, a proximate causal relationship between work and the accident can be inferred, such proof shall be deemed to exist. Accordingly, even in the absence of direct evidence regarding the cause of the accident, where work-relatedness can be presumed through the most reasonable inference possible under the rules of experience, based on indirect factual relationships, such case must be recognized as an occupational accident (see Supreme Court Decision 98Du10103 rendered on January 26, 1999). Furthermore, where death results from the side effects of medication administered to treat an injury or illness caused by an occupational accident, such death must likewise be recognized as an occupational accident, and the same legal principles set forth above must be applied in determining whether a proximate causal relationship exists between the side effects of such medication and the death.

3. However, as even the court below acknowledged, the deceased in this case continuously took medications such as Operazine or Peridol and Trittico for a long period of approximately seven years, until immediately before his death, in order to treat the organic mental disorder that was the injury/illness resulting from the occupational accident. These medications have, in addition to the vomiting, dizziness, headache, and incoherent speech habitually exhibited by the deceased, fatal side effects such as sudden death following decreased blood pressure and abnormal electrocardiogram findings (Exhibit A No. 8); the deceased's cause of death was diagnosed as cardiac arrest by the examining physician, and the Defendant's advisory physician likewise determined the cause of death to be cardiac arrest (Exhibit B No. 3), so it is highly likely that the deceased's direct cause of death was cardiac arrest. Given that decreased blood pressure or abnormal electrocardiogram findings, one of the causes of the sudden death that is among the aforementioned side effects, appears not unrelated to the above cardiac arrest; that the deceased died at the relatively young age of not yet 46; and that no material can be found in the record to establish that the deceased received treatment for any illness other than the injury/illness resulting from the original accident in this case and its sequelae—in light of these circumstances, it must be inferred that there is a strong possibility that the deceased died from the side effects of the medications he had taken over the long term.

Nevertheless, the court below, without further examining in detail, through the physician who treated the deceased or other experts, the possibility and degree to which the deceased may have died from the side effects of the above medications, determined merely on the ground that the cause of the deceased's death was unclear that it could not be found that the deceased died from the side effects of the above medications. This cannot but be deemed to constitute an error of law misapprehending the legal principles regarding proximate causal relationship in determining whether an occupational accident occurred, or an error resulting from insufficient deliberation or a misapprehension of facts in violation of the rules of evidence. The grounds of appeal asserting the same purport are well-founded.

4. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Lee Yong-hoon, Justice Kim Hyung-sun, Justice Cho Mu-je, Justice Lee Yong-woo (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호 소정의 업무상 재해를 인정하기 위한 업무와 재해 사이의 상당인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 입증되어야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 재해 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 그 입증이 있다고 할 것이므로, 재해발생원인에 관한 직접적인 증거가 없는 경우라도 간접적인 사실관계 등에 의거하여 경험법칙상 가장 합리적인 설명이 가능한 추론에 의하여 업무기인성을 추정할 수 있는 경우에는 업무상 재해라고 보아야 할 것인바, 업무상 재해로 인한 상병을 치료하기 위한 약물 등의 부작용으로 인하여 사망한 경우에도 업무상 재해라고 보아야 하고, 위 약물 등의 부작용과 사망 사이의 상당인과관계 유무를 따질 때에도 앞서 본 바와 같은 법리가 적용된다.

[2] 망인이 업무상 재해로 인한 상병인 기질적 정신장애를 치료하기 위하여 사망 직전까지 약 7년이라는 장기간에 걸쳐 복용한 약물에 혈압저하, 심전도 이상에 이은 돌연사와 같은 치명적인 부작용이 있고, 망인의 사망원인이 검안의, 근로복지공단의 자문의에 의하여 심장마비로 진단되었고, 위 부작용의 하나인 돌연사의 원인이 혈압저하나 심전도 이상으로서 이는 위 심장마비와 무관하지 않다고 보여지고, 망인이 비교적 젊은 나이인 46세가 못되어 사망하였고, 최초재해로 인한 상병과 그 후유증 외에 다른 질병으로 치료를 받아 온 사실을 인정할 만한 자료를 기록상 찾아 볼 수 없는 점 등에 비추어 볼 때, 망인이 그가 장기간 복용하여 온 약물들의 부작용에 의하여 사망하였을 가능성이 농후한 것으로 추단된다는 이유로 상당인과관계를 부정한 원심을 파기한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 민사소송법 제187조, 제261조, 행정소송법 제8조 제2항, 제26조[입증책임]

[2] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 민사소송법 제187조, 제261조, 행정소송법 제8조 제2항, 제26조[입증책임]

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1989. 7. 25. 선고 88누10947 판결(공1989, 1308), 대법원 1991. 11. 8. 선고 91누3727 판결(공1992, 131), 대법원 1992. 5. 12. 선고 91누10022 판결(공1992, 2026), 대법원 1993. 10. 12. 선고 93누9408 판결(공1993하, 3101), 대법원 1994. 6. 28. 선고 94누2565 판결(공1994하, 2135), 대법원 1994. 8. 26. 선고 94누2633 판결(공1994하, 2545), 대법원 1997. 9. 5. 선고 97누7011 판결(공1997하, 3125), 대법원 1998. 5. 22. 선고 98두4740 판결(공1998하, 1782), 대법원 1999. 1. 26. 선고 98두10103 판결(공1999상, 379), 대법원 1999. 4. 23. 선고 97누16459 판결(공1999상, 1061), 대법원 1999. 12. 10. 선고 99두10360 판결(공2000상, 210)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,499자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 우덕성)

【피고, 피상고인】 근로복지공단

【원심판결】 서울고법 1999. 9. 2. 선고 98누14855 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 채택한 증거를 종합하여, ① 원고의 남편인 소외 1은 소외 주식회사의 운전기사로 근무하던 중 1990. 9. 21. 업무로 위 회사 소유의 자동차를 운전하다가 자동차의 앞 유리창을 깨고 날아온 스프링조각에 머리를 맞아 부상을 입고 뇌좌상 고도, 전두골 개방성 분쇄함몰골절, 뇌기종 등의 진단을 받아 피고로부터 요양승인을 받았고, 그 후 급성경막외혈종, 기질적 정신장애 등의 추가상병에 대한 요양승인을 받아 치료를 받아 오다가, 1997. 4. 23. 21:30경 자택에서 취침 중 사망한 사실, ② 망인은 (생년월일 생략)생으로서 위와 같은 업무상 재해로 주로 머리 부위에 심한 부상을 당하여 2회에 걸쳐 우 전두부의 개두술을 받은 후에도 두통 및 기억력 저하 등을 호소하여 수원 소재 성빈센트병원에서 두부 X-선, 두부 CT검사, 뇌파검사 등을 시행한 결과 이상한 점은 발견되지 아니하였으나, 정신과적 검사결과 1991. 5. 6. 기질성 정신장애의 진단을 받아 그 이후 사망 직전까지 통원치료를 받아 온 사실, ③ 망인은 그 동안 두통, 건망증, 수면장애, 인지기능 저하 등을 호소하고 있었으나 그 증세로 인하여 입원치료를 받은 적은 없고 2주에 한번 정도씩 통원치료를 받아오면서 향정신성 약물 및 항우울제 등을 투약받아 왔는데, 그 치료과정에서의 활력상태, 언어, 기타 운동기능 등에 있어서 이상을 보이지 아니하여 생명에 지장이 있다고 판단할 만한 징후는 나타나지 아니한 사실, ④ 망인은 사망하기 며칠 전부터 식사 후 구토, 현훈, 두통 등의 증세를 더 많이 호소하였고 사망일 오전에는 헛소리를 하기도 하였으나 발작증세는 나타내지 아니하고 있다가 사망일인 1997. 4. 23. 18:00경부터 자택에서 취침하던 중 같은 날 21:30경 사망하였는데, 그 사체를 검안한 후생의원 의사 소외 2는 사체에 아무런 외상이나 타박상을 발견할 수 없어 직접사인을 '심장마비'로 기재하고, 망인의 유족들이 약 7년 전 망인이 교통사고를 당한 후 치료를 받던 중 사망하였다고 진술함에 따라 그 중간선행사인을 '교통사고로 인한 후유증'으로 기재하고 실수로 이에 '추정' 또는 '의증'의 기재를 빠뜨린 채 망인에 대한 시체검안서를 작성한 사실, ⑤ 기질적 정신장애는 정신상태에 관한 부분만을 다루고 있는 진단으로서 그것이 직접 사망원인이 되는 것은 아닌 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 위와 같이 망인은 사망 직전까지 최초재해로 인한 기질적 정신장애의 요양을 받아왔으나, 그러한 기질적 정신장애가 직접 사망원인이 되었다거나, 달리 위 최초재해 또는 그로 인한 상병과 망인의 사망 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다는 점을 인정할 증거가 없으므로 망인은 업무상 재해로 사망하였다고 볼 수 없다고 판단하고, 나아가 원고의 다음과 같은 주장 즉, 위 망인이 1990. 9. 21. 업무상 재해를 당하여 앞서 본 바와 같은 상병으로 피고로부터 요양승인을 받아 사망시까지 약 7년간 후유증인 기질적 정신장애 등의 치료를 위하여 오페라진, 페리돌, 자낙스 등 정신질환치료제를 지속적으로 복용하였는데, 위 약들은 정신신경계에 불면, 헛소리, 두통, 불안, 착란 등의 부작용이, 소화기계에 구토증세의 부작용 등이 있어 급기야는 호흡곤란 의식장애로 인한 사망에 이를 수 있게 되고, 한편 위 망인은 평소 두통, 건망증, 수면장애, 인지기능 저하 등을 호소하고 있었고 특히 사망 며칠 전부터는 구토, 현훈, 두통 등의 증세를 더 많이 호소하였으며 사망일 오전에는 헛소리까지 하였는바, 망인에게 나타난 이러한 증상은 위 약제의 부작용과 동일하므로 망인의 사망은 이와 같은 약제의 부작용에 의한 것임이 추단되고 따라서 위 망인의 사망은 업무상재해에 해당한다는 주장에 대하여는, 망인의 사인이 밝혀지지 아니한 이 사건에 있어서 위 주장 사실만으로 망인이 위 약들의 부작용으로 인하여 사망한 것이라고 추단하기에 부족하고 달리 이를 인정할 만한 증거가 없다면서 이를 배척하고 있다.

2. 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호 소정의 업무상 재해를 인정하기 위한 업무와 재해 사이의 상당인과관계는 반드시 의학적·자연과학적으로 명백히 입증되어야 하는 것은 아니고 제반 사정을 고려할 때 업무와 재해 사이에 상당인과관계가 있다고 추단되는 경우에도 그 입증이 있다고 할 것이므로, 재해발생원인에 관한 직접적인 증거가 없는 경우라도 간접적인 사실관계 등에 의거하여 경험법칙상 가장 합리적인 설명이 가능한 추론에 의하여 업무기인성을 추정할 수 있는 경우에는 업무상 재해라고 보아야 할 것이다(대법원 1999. 1. 26. 선고 98두10103 판결 참조). 또한 업무상 재해로 인한 상병을 치료하기 위한 약물 등의 부작용으로 인하여 사망한 경우에도 업무상 재해라고 보아야 하고, 위 약물 등의 부작용과 사망 사이의 상당인과관계 유무를 따질 때에도 앞서 본 바와 같은 법리가 적용되어야 할 것이다.

3. 그런데 원심도 인정하다시피 이 사건 망인은 업무상 재해로 인한 상병인 기질적 정신장애를 치료하기 위하여 사망 직전까지 약 7년이라는 장기간에 걸쳐 오페라진 또는 페리돌, 트리티코 등의 약들을 계속 복용하여 왔고, 위 약들에는 망인에게 평소 나타났던 구토, 현훈, 두통, 헛소리 등 외에도 혈압저하, 심전도 이상에 이은 돌연사와 같은 치명적인 부작용이 있는 점(갑 제8호증), 망인의 사망원인이 검안의에 의하여 심장마비로 진단되었고, 피고의 자문의 또한 망인의 사인을 심장마비로 판단하고 있으므로(을 제3호증) 망인의 직접사인은 심장마비였을 가능성이 높다고 할 것인데, 위 부작용의 하나인 돌연사의 원인이 혈압저하나 심전도 이상으로서 이는 위 심장마비와 무관하지 않다고 보여지는 점, 망인이 비교적 젊은 나이인 46세가 못되어 사망하였고, 이 사건 최초재해로 인한 상병과 그 후유증 외에 다른 질병으로 치료를 받아 온 사실을 인정할 만한 자료를 기록상 찾아 볼 수 없는 점 등에 비추어 볼 때, 망인이 그가 장기간 복용하여 온 위 약들의 부작용에 의하여 사망하였을 가능성도 농후한 것으로 추단된다고 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심이, 망인을 치료한 의사나 다른 전문가를 통하여 망인이 위 약들의 부작용에 의하여 사망하였을 가능성 및 그 정도 등에 관하여 좀더 자세히 알아보지 않은 채 망인의 사망원인이 분명하지 않다는 이유만으로 망인이 위 약들의 부작용으로 사망하였다고 볼 수 없다고 판단하고만 것은 업무상재해 여부를 판단함에 있어서의 상당인과관계에 관한 법리를 오해하였거나 심리미진, 채증법칙을 위반한 사실오인 등의 위법을 저지른 것이라고 아니할 수 없다. 같은 취지의 상고이유의 주장은 이유 있다.

4. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용훈(재판장) 김형선 조무제 이용우(주심)

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