Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 89누8217

Revocation of Reexamination Ruling on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice (부당노동행위구제재심판정취소)부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided1990. 08. 10. Court대법원Employer won (case remanded after reversal of lower court's finding of unfair labor practice)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A bus driver, after running for a union delegate position and filing a complaint with the Ministry of Labor as part of union activities, was disciplinarily dismissed by the company. The Supreme Court found that the dismissal was not an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위), since there were sufficient independent grounds for dismissal such as refusal to drive, reckless driving, and assault. The Court reversed the lower court's finding of unfair labor practice and remanded the case.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A bus driver was disciplinarily dismissed by his company after engaging in union activities, including running for union delegate and filing a complaint with the Ministry of Labor.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that clear grounds for dismissal—refusal to drive, reckless driving, and assault on a superior—existed independently of the union activities, making the dismissal a lawful disciplinary action rather than an unfair labor practice.
  • LessonLesson: Even if an employee has engaged in union activities, a dismissal based on clear and independent disciplinary grounds arising afterward does not constitute an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위).
Issues
  • Whether the disciplinary dismissal constituted an unfair labor practice on the substantive ground of union activity
  • Whether grounds not raised before the Labor Relations Commission (노동위원회) may be newly asserted in administrative litigation
  • Whether running for union delegate and filing a complaint with the Ministry of Labor constituted legitimate union activity
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that sufficient grounds for disciplinary dismissal existed, including the worker's refusal to perform driving duties, reckless driving, and assault against a superior. Because these disciplinary grounds arose after the union activities took place, the union activities could not be considered the substantive reason for the dismissal. The Court found insufficient specific circumstances to infer that the employer harbored anti-union intent (부당노동행위 의사) in carrying out the dismissal. Therefore, the dismissal was deemed a legitimate exercise of the employer's disciplinary authority rather than retaliation for union activity.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] The fact that the plaintiff, who joined the Intervenor company as an automobile driver, committed such faults as refusal to drive and reckless driving over a period of about ten months, and submitted letters of self-reflection (statements of reasons) as many as eight times, shows that the plaintiff's work attitude was insincere. Furthermore, the plaintiff's refusal to supplement and resubmit the application for leave of absence as instructed by the Intervenor pursuant to the employment rules, which provide that an employee absent for 20 days or more must submit an application for leave of absence and obtain approval, as well as his refusal to submit the letter of self-reflection, and his act of quarreling with the Intervenor company's dispatch section chief over the same issue and inflicting on him an injury requiring two weeks of medical treatment, all constitute acts destroying the company's order of work, which not only fall under the grounds for dismissal set forth in the employment rules but also, in substance, constitute grave grounds recognized as making it impossible to continue the employment relationship between the worker and the employer, and thus constitute sufficient grounds for dismissal. Therefore, even though the plaintiff ran as a candidate for union delegate for the sake of workers' rights and interests but failed to be elected, signed and sealed together with his colleagues a petition submitted to the Ministry of Labor, and appeared before the Labor Relations Commission to testify, there is no evidence to show that the Intervenor had any specific reason to single out the plaintiff alone and dismiss him on account of these acts. Moreover, even if the grounds for the disciplinary dismissal in this case arose after the plaintiff's above acts for the union's affairs, it cannot be said that the disciplinary grounds ostensibly cited by the Intervenor for the plaintiff's dismissal were merely a pretext, and that in substance the dismissal was based on the plaintiff's legitimate acts for the union's affairs.

[2] In a lawsuit seeking revocation of an order or decision of the National Labor Relations Commission concerning an application for remedy against unfair labor practices, the legality of such order or decision must be determined as of the time it was made; however, there is no ground to hold that it is limited only to the grounds already asserted before the Labor Relations Commission. Therefore, grounds not asserted before the Labor Relations Commission may also be asserted in the administrative litigation, so long as they are not grounds that arose after the order or decision of the National Labor Relations Commission.

[3] It is clear that a union member's act of running as a candidate for union delegate constitutes an act of the labor union. Also, the act of petitioning the Ministry of Labor on the ground that bathing coupons and allowances for the period of reserve forces training, which were set to be paid under the employment rules and the labor-management agreement, were not being paid, is an act aimed at maintaining and improving working conditions and otherwise promoting the economic status of workers, which is the purpose of the labor union, and should be regarded as an act that has obtained the implicit approval or authorization of the union. Accordingly, it should be viewed as a legitimate act for the affairs of the labor union.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,984 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission

[Defendant Intervenor, Appellant] Daejin Transportation Co., Ltd., Attorneys Lee Jae-gi and 2 others, Counsel for the Defendant Intervenor

[Judgment Below]

Seoul High Court Decision 88Gu9710 rendered on November 23, 1989

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The Court examines together the grounds of appeal of the Defendant and the third ground of appeal of the Defendant Intervenor.

In determining the Plaintiff's assertion that the dismissal in this case constitutes an unfair labor practice, the court below found as follows: the Plaintiff, an automobile driver, joined the company of the Defendant Intervenor (hereinafter "the Intervenor") and, between May 15, 1987 and February 12, 1988, committed the following misconduct: refusal to drive on two occasions; one accident caused by reckless driving that resulted in the Intervenor being fined KRW 100,000; one unauthorized absence; one instance of spreading rumors; three contact accidents (one of which caused the Intervenor a loss of KRW 42,000 in repair costs); and one instance of failing to wear a hat and violating a traffic signal; for which the Plaintiff submitted seven letters of reprimand (self-criticism statements) and one written pledge. The Plaintiff also submitted a leave-of-absence request accompanied by a medical certificate citing headaches and other ailments, and was absent from work from December 14, 1987 to January 19, 1988. Since Article 33 of the Rules of Employment provided that an employee absent for 20 days or more must submit a request for leave of absence and obtain approval, the Intervenor, on January 20, 1988, instructed the Plaintiff to supplement and submit a request for leave of absence and to submit a letter of reprimand, but the Plaintiff refused to do so. Moreover, on January 21 of the same year, the Plaintiff got into a dispute over the same matter with Nonparty 1, the dispatch section chief, and inflicted on Nonparty 1 an injury requiring two weeks of treatment. On these grounds, the Defendant Intervenor dismissed the Plaintiff by way of disciplinary action.

However, the court below found that, among the above grounds for dismissal, the refusal to drive on May 15, 1987 arose because the Plaintiff had run as a candidate in the union delegate election on that day, and the Intervenor had ordered overtime work that was not usually required; that the refusal to drive on January 21, 1988, the assault on Nonparty 1, and the failure to submit the leave-of-absence request and letter of reprimand arose because the Plaintiff, not knowing of the provision in the Rules of Employment, had not submitted a request for leave of absence, and when Nonparty 1 and others, the dispatch section chief, demanded its submission, a dispute arose in which the Plaintiff himself was assaulted by Nonparty 1 and other company executives, making him unable to drive; that the allegation of spreading rumors was nothing more than the Plaintiff telling his colleagues in the dispatch office on a rainy day not to write letters of reprimand because doing so after an accident would lead to dismissal; and that, even with respect to the traffic accidents that caused loss to the Intervenor, there were other drivers of the Intervenor who had caused losses of several million won to the company through fatalities or contact accidents but were not dismissed. The court below further found that the Plaintiff, believing on May 15, 1987 that the union president and other executives were colluding with the company, ran as an opposition candidate for union delegate but lost the election; that after refusing overtime work from May 16 to May 20 of the same year and being suspended as a result, he filed a petition with the Ministry of Labor and received wages for that period; that although the Rules of Employment and labor-management consultation provided that drivers be given one bathing ticket per week and be paid allowances for reserve forces training periods, the Intervenor failed to properly comply with these provisions, and accordingly the Plaintiff, together with numerous union members, jointly signed and sealed petitions submitted to the Ministry of Labor under the name of Nonparty 2 on July 25, 1987 and under the name of Nonparty ○○○ on July 31 of the same year, demanding compliance; that when Nonparty 3, 4, and 5, union members who had been dismissed in the course of labor-management disputes occurring after May 1987, filed applications for relief from unfair labor practices with the Seoul Regional Labor Relations Commission, the Plaintiff appeared as a witness on December 11, 1987 and testified, thereby assisting in their reinstatement; and that, as a result of the above activities, the Plaintiff was beaten by the union's general affairs officer on August 18, 1987, and was repeatedly pressured to resign by executives of the Intervenor. Having found these facts, the court below held that although the Plaintiff's above acts were not carried out pursuant to a union resolution or an executive's instruction, they were acts aimed at improving the social and economic status of union members and were consistent with the intent of the union as a whole; that the Intervenor's dismissal of the Plaintiff was nothing other than disadvantageous treatment on grounds that were not serious, on account of the Plaintiff's legitimate union activities and his testimony before the Labor Relations Commission; and therefore that the dismissal in this case constitutes an unfair labor practice as provided in Article 39, Subparagraphs 1 and 5 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법).

Whether the dismissal of a worker constitutes an unfair labor practice must be determined by whether the dismissal substantively falls under the grounds set forth in Article 39 of the Trade Union Act. Accordingly, where it is recognized that an employer, despite the ostensible grounds for dismissal, has in substance dismissed a worker on account of the worker's legitimate activities conducted for union business, such dismissal must be deemed an unfair labor practice (see this Court's Decisions 77Da220 rendered on August 23, 1977; 88Nu4508 rendered on May 23, 1989; 89Nu4659 rendered on October 24, 1989; and 89Nu1193 rendered on January 12, 1990). Whether the worker's legitimate activities for union business constituted the substantive ground for dismissal must be determined comprehensively by comparing and examining the grounds for dismissal asserted by the employer, the content of the worker's legitimate activities for union business, the timing of the disciplinary dismissal, the relationship between the company and the union, and other circumstances from which the existence of an intent to commit an unfair labor practice may be inferred.

However, the grounds for disciplinary dismissal in this case are not only matters that arose after the Plaintiff's activities for union business, but the Plaintiff's misconduct as found by the court below while working as a driver, and his submission of seven letters of reprimand and one written pledge therefor (according to Defendant's Exhibit No. 4-14, the Plaintiff's second refusal to drive occurred on February 12, 1988, which had nothing to do with the assault of January 21, 1988 that occurred earlier; the court below erred in finding that the Plaintiff refused to drive because he was unable to work due to the aforementioned assault), demonstrate that the Plaintiff's work attitude was unfaithful. Moreover, the Plaintiff's refusal to comply with the instruction to submit a request for leave of absence, and his infliction of an injury requiring two weeks of treatment on his superior, Im Wan-ho, also constitute acts destroying the order of work at the company. These acts not only fall under the grounds for dismissal set forth in the Rules of Employment, but are in substance recognized as grounds serious enough to make it impossible to continue the employment relationship between the worker and the employer, and thus constitute sufficient grounds for dismissal. On the other hand, there is no material from which it can be found that the Intervenor had any specific reason to single out the Plaintiff alone for dismissal on account of his having run, unsuccessfully, as a candidate for union delegate for the benefit of workers' rights and interests, his act of signing a petition together with colleagues submitted to the Ministry of Labor, or his act of appearing and testifying before the Labor Relations Commission (the fact that the Plaintiff, after refusing overtime work from May 16 to May 20, 1987 and being suspended, filed a petition with the Ministry of Labor and received wages for that period through a settlement, is difficult to regard as a union activity, being rather the Plaintiff's personal activity). Comprehensively examining the various circumstances set forth above, the disciplinary grounds ostensibly asserted for the dismissal in this case are nothing more than a pretext, and it cannot be said that the Plaintiff's legitimate activities for union business were in substance the ground for the dismissal.

The court below committed an error of law by misapprehending the legal principles concerning unfair labor practices, and the argument pointing out this error is well-founded.

The Court next examines the first ground of appeal of the Defendant Intervenor.

In a lawsuit seeking revocation of an order or decision of the National Labor Relations Commission concerning an application for relief from unfair labor practices, whether such order or decision is lawful must be determined as of the time it was made; however, this does not mean that only the grounds already asserted before the Labor Relations Commission may be considered. Accordingly, grounds not asserted before the Labor Relations Commission may also be asserted in the administrative litigation, so long as such grounds did not arise after the order or decision of the National Labor Relations Commission. This argument is without merit.

The Court next examines the second ground of appeal of the Defendant Intervenor.

Where an individual union member's voluntary act may, by its nature, be regarded as a union activity, or may be deemed to have received the implicit authorization or approval of the union, such act must be regarded as a legitimate activity for union business (see this Court's Decision 88Nu1950 rendered on April 25, 1989). The Plaintiff's act of filing a petition with the Ministry of Labor after being suspended from the day after May 15, 1987 until May 20 on the ground of his refusal to drive, and receiving wages for that period through a settlement, is the Plaintiff's personal act and is difficult to regard as an act for union business. However, the Plaintiff's act of running as a candidate for union delegate on May 15, 1987 clearly constitutes a union act, and his act of filing a petition with the Ministry of Labor on July 25, 1987 regarding the non-provision of bathing tickets, and his act of filing a petition with the Ministry of Labor on July 31 of the same year regarding the payment of allowances for reserve forces training periods, must be regarded as acts aimed at maintaining and improving working conditions and otherwise promoting the economic status of workers, which is the purpose of the union, and thus as acts that received the implicit approval or authorization of the union.

This argument is without merit.

Therefore, accepting the grounds of appeal of the Defendant and the third ground of appeal of the Defendant Intervenor, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court. This Decision is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices as stated in the Order.

Justice Park Woo-dong (Presiding Justice), Lee Jae-sung, Yoon Young-chul, Kim Yong-jun

【판결요지】

가.. 자동차운전수로 참가인 회사에 입사한 원고가 약 10개월 사이에 승무거부, 난폭운전 등의 잘못이 있어서 시말서 등을 8회나 제출한 행위는 원고의 근무자세가 불성실함을 보여주는 것이고, 20일 이상 결근하는 경우 휴직원을 제출하여 승인받도록 규정되어 있는 취업규칙에 따라 참가인이 지시한 휴직원의 보완제출 및 시말서의 제출을 거부함은 물론, 같은 문제로 참가인 회사의 배차계장과 다투다가 그에게 전치 2주의 상해를 입힌 행위도 회사의 근무질서를 파괴하는 행위로서 모두 취업규칙에 정하여진 해고사유에 해당할 뿐 아니라 그 실질에 있어서 근로자의 고용주간의 고용관계를 계속시킬 수 없을 정도의 중대한 사유라고 인정되어 충분한 해고사유가 된다고 할 것이므로, 원고가 근로자의 권익을 위하여 노동조합 대의원에 출마하였다가 낙선되었고, 노동부에 진정서를 제출하는 데 동료들과 함께 서명날인하였으며, 또 노동위원회에 출석하여 증언하였더라도, 이러한 행위등에 대하여 참가인이 특별히 원고만을 가려 내어 이를 이유로 해고하여야 할 구체적 이유가 있다고 볼 만한. 자료는 없을 뿐만 아니라, 이 사건 징계해고사유가 원고의 위 노동조합업무를 위한 행위가 있었던 이후에 일어난 일들이라면, 참가인의 원고에 대한 징계해고가 표면적으로 내세운 징계사유는 구실에 불과하고, 실질적으로는 원고의 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 그 해고이유로 삼았다고 할 수 없다.

나. 부당노동행위구제신청에 관한 중앙노동위원회의 명령 또는 결정의 취소를 구하는 소송에 있어서 그 명령 또는 결정의 적부는 그것이 이루어진 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 할 것이지만 노동위원회에서 이미 주장된 사유만에 한정된다고 볼 근거는 없으므로, 중앙노동위원회의 명령 또는 결정 후에 생긴 사유가 아닌 이상 노동위원회에서 주장하지 아니한 사유도 행정소송에서 주장할 수 있다고 보아야 할 것이다.

다. 노동조합원이 조합대의원으로 출마한 행위는 노동조합의 행위에 해당함이 분명하고, 취업규칙과 노사협의에 의하여 지급하도록 정하여진 목욕권과 예비군훈련기간의 수당을 지급하지 않는다고 노동부에 진정한 행위는 노동조합의 목적인 근로조건의 유지개선, 기타 근로자의 경제적 지위향상을 도모하기 위한 행위로서 조합의 묵시적 승인 내지 수권을 얻은 행위라고 보아야 할 것이므로 근로조합의 업무를 위한 정당한 행위로 볼 것이다.

【참조조문】

가.다. 노동조합법 제39조 제1호 / 나. 노동조합법 제41조, 제42조, 행정소송법 제19조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1977.8.23. 선고 77다220 판결(공1977,10266), 1989.5.23. 선고 88누4508 판결(공1989,1024), 1989.10.24. 선고 89누4659 판결(공1989,1812), 1990.1.12. 선고 89누1193 판결(공1990,472) / 다. 대법원 1989.4.25. 선고 88누1950 판결(공1989,827)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,522자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회 위원장

【피고보조참가인, 상고인】 대진운수주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 이재기 외 2인

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1989.11.23. 선고 88구9710 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 피고의 상고이유와 피고보조참가인의 상고이유 제(3)점을 함께 본다.

원심은, 이 사건 해고가 부당노동행위에 해당한다는 원고의 주장을 판단함에 있어서, 원고는. 자동차 운전수로 피고보조참가인 회사(이하 참가인이라 한다)에 입사 후 1987.5.15.부터 1988.2.12.까지 사이에 승무거부 2회, 난폭운전으로 참가인에게 과징금 100,000원을 부과시킨 사고 1회, 무단결근 1회, 유언비어 유포 1회, 접촉사고 3회(그 중 1회는 참가인에게 수리비 42,000원의 손실을 가함), 탈모 및 신호위반 1회 등의 잘못이 있어서 시말서 7회, 각서 1회를 각 작성 제출하였고, 1987.12.14.부터 1988.1.19.까지 두통 등을 이유로 진단서를 첨부하여 결근계를 제출하고 결근하였던바, 참가인은 취업규칙 제33조에 20일 이상 결근시에는 휴직원을 제출하여 승인받도록 규정되어 있음을 이유로 1988.1.20. 원고에게 휴직원을 보완 제출하고 시말서를 제출하라고 지시하였으나 원고는 이를 거부함은 물론 같은 해 1.21. 같은 문제로 배차계장인 소외 1과 다투다가 소외 1에게 전치 2주의 상해를 입힌 사실이 있어서 피고보조참가인이 원고를 징계해고 하였으나, 위 해고사유 중 1987.5.15.자의 승무거부는 그 날 원고가 조합대의원선거에 입후보하였는데 참가인이 평소에 없던 연장근무를 시키기에 생긴 일이고, 1988.1.21. 자의 승무거부, 소외 1에 대한 폭행, 휴직원과 시말서 미제출은 취업규칙에 그와 같은 규정이 있는 줄 모르고 휴직원을 내지 아니한 것을 배차계장인 소외 1 등이 그 제출을 요구하자 시비가 생겨서 원고도 소외 1 등 회사 간부로부터 폭행을 당하여 승무할 수 없었으며, 유언비어 유포의 점은 원고가 비오는 날 배차실에서 동료들에게 사고가 나서 시말서를 쓰게 되면 해고당하게 되니 시말서를 쓰지 않도록 하라는 말을 한 것에 불과하고, 교통사고로 참가인에게 손해를 끼친 행위에 대하여 보더라도 참가인의 운전수 중 인명사고 또는 접촉사고로 수백만원의 손실을 회사에 입히고도 해고당하지 않은 사람이 있는 사실, 한편 원고는 1987.5.15. 노동조합 조합장 등 간부들이 회사와 밀착되어 있다고 보고 반대파 대의원으로 출마하였다가 낙선된 일이 있고, 같은 해 5.16.부터 5.20.까지 연장근로를 거부하다 정직당하자 노동부에 진정하여 그 기간의 수당을 받았고, 취업규칙과 노사협의에 의하여 목욕권을 매주1매씩 운전수에게 주고, 예비군훈련기간의 수당을 지급하도록 정해져 있음에도 불구하고 참가인이 이를 잘 이행하지 아니하자 1987.7.25. 소외 2 명의로, 같은 달 31.에는 소외 ○○○ 명의로 노동부에 위 이행을 촉구하는 진정서를 제출함에 있어서 다수 조합원들과 함께 연명으로 서명날인하였으며, 1987.5. 이후에 있었던 노사분규과정에서 해고된 조합원인 소외 3, 4, 5 등이 서울지방노동위원회에 부당노동행위구제신청을 하자 1987.12.11. 증인으로 출석하여 증언함으로써 그들이 복직하는 것을 도와준 일이 있었으며, 위와 같은 활동으로 말미암아 1987.8.18.에는 조합총무로부터 구타당하는가 하면 참가인의 간부들로부터 여러차례 퇴사를 강요당한 사실을 인정한 후, 원고의 위 행위는 노동조합의 결의를 거쳤다거나 그 간부의 지시에 의한 행동은 아니지만 조합원의 사회경제적 지위향상을 꾀한 행위로서 조합전체의 의사에 합치된다 하겠으므로, 참가인이 원고를 해고한 것은 원고가 정당한 조합활동을 한 것과 노동위원회에서 증언한 것을 이유로 중대하지 아니한 사유를 들어 불이익한 취급을 한 것에 다름 아니므로, 이 사건 해고는 노동조합법 제39조 제1호 및 제5호에 정한 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 판시하였다.

근로자에 대한 해고가 부당노동행위인지의 여부는 그 해고가 실질적으로 노동조합법 제39조 소정의 사유에 해당하는 것인지의 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이므로, 사용자가 근로자를 해고함에 있어서 표면상의 해고사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자가 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 한 것을 이유로 해고한 것으로 인정되는 경우에는 부당노동행위라고 보아야 할 것이고 ( 당원 1977.8.23. 선고 77다220판결; 1989.5.23. 선고 88누4508 판결; 1989.10.24. 선고 89누4659 판결; 1990.1.12. 선고 89누1193판결 참조), 근로자의 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 실질적인 해고이유로 한 것인지의 여부는 사용자측이 내세우는 해고사유와 근로자가 한 노동조합의 업무를 위한 정당한 행위의 내용, 징계해고를 한 시기, 회사와 노동조합과의 관계, 기타 부당노동행위 의사의 존재를 추정할 수 있는 제반사정을 비교 검토하여 종합적으로 판단하여야 할 것이다.

그런데 이 사건 징계해고사유는, 원고의 노동조합의 업무를 위한 행위가 있었던 이후에 일어난 일들일 뿐만 아니라, 원고가 운전수로서 근무함에 있어서 원심판시와 같은 내용의 잘못을 범하고 그에 대한 시말서 7회와 각서 1회를 제출한 행위는(을제4호증의14에 의하면, 원고가 두 번째로 승무거부한 것은 1988.2.12.로서 그 이전에 일어났던 1988.1.21.의 폭행과는 무관한 것인데, 원심은 위 폭행으로 근무할 수 없어서 승무거부를 하였다고 사실을 잘못 인정하였음) 원고의 근무자세가 불성실함을 보여주는 것이고, 또 휴직원 제출지시의 거부나 그의 상사인 임완호에게 2주의 상해를 입혔다는 것 또한 회사의 근무질서를 파괴하는 행위로서 이들은 모두 취업규칙에 정하여진 해고사유에 해당할 뿐만 아니라, 그 실질에 있어서도 근로자와 고용주간의 고용관계를 계속시킬 수 없을 정도의 중대한 사유라고 인정되어 충분한 해고사유가 된다고 할 것이고, 반면 원고가 근로자의 권익을 위하여 노동조합 대의원에 출마하였다가 낙선되었고, 또 노동부에 진정서를 제출하는데 동료들과 함께 서명날인한 행위, 또 노동위원회에 출석하여 증언한 행위 등에 대하여 참가인이 특별히 원고만을 가려내어 이를 이유로 해고하여야 할 구체적 이유가 있다고 볼 만한 자료는 없으므로 (원고가 1987.5.16.부터 5.20.까지 연장근로를 거부하다가 정직당하자 노동부에 진정하여 화해로 그 기간의 수당을 받게된 사실은 원고 개인의 활동이지 노동조합의 활동으로 보기 어렵다), 위와 같은 여러 가지 사정을 종합적으로 검토하여 볼 때 이 사건 해고가 표면적으로 내세운 징계사유는 구실에 불과하고, 실질적으로는 원고의 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 그 해고이유로 삼았다고 할 수 없을 것이다.

원심은 부당노동행위에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법을 범하였다 할 것이므로 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 그 이유있다.

피고보조참가인의 상고이유 제(1)점을 본다.

부당노동행위구제신청에 관한 중앙노동위원회의 명령 또는 결정의 취소를 구하는 소송에 있어서 그 명령 또는 결정의 적부는 그것이 이루어진 시점을 기준으로 판단하여야 할 것이지만 그렇다고 하여 노동위원회에서 이미 주장된 사유만에 한정된다고 볼 근거는 없으므로, 중앙노동위원회의 명령 또는 결정후에 생긴 사유가 아닌 이상 노동위원회에서 주장하지 아니한 사유도 행정소송에서 주장할 수 있다고 보아야 할 것이다. 논지 이유없다.

피고 보조참가인의 상고이유 제(2)점을 본다.

노동조합원 개인의 자발적인 행위가 그 행위의 성질상 노동조합의 활동으로 볼 수 있거나, 노동조합의 묵시적인 수권 또는 승인을 받았다고 볼 수 있을 때에는 이를 노동조합의 업무를 위한 정당한 행위로 보아야 할 것인바( 당원 1989.4.25. 선고 88누1950 판결 참조), 원고가 1987.5.15. 승무거부를 이유로 다음날부터 5.20.까지 정직당하자 노동부에 진정하여 화해로 그 기간의 수당을 지급받는 행위는 원고 개인의 행위로서, 노동조합의 업무를 위한 행위라고는 보기 어렵겠으나, 원고가 1987.5.15. 조합대의원으로 출마한 행위는 노조의 행위에 해당함이 분명하고, 1987.7.25. 목욕권을 지급하지 않는다고 노동부에 진정한 행위와 같은 달 31. 예비군훈련기간의 수당지급을 노동부에 진정한 행위는 노동조합의 목적인 근로조건의 유지개선, 기타 근로자의 경제적 지위향상을 도모하기 위한 행위로서 조합의 묵시적 승인 내지 수권을 얻은 행위라고 보아야 할 것이다.

논지는 이유없다.

그러므로 피고의 상고이유와 피고보조참가인의 상고이유 제(3)점을 받아들여 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박우동(재판장) 이재성 윤영철 김용준

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