Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2000다27671

Claim for Severance Pay, etc.퇴직금등

Decided2002. 07. 26. Court대법원Worker(s) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

External production staff working for KBS's Drama Production Bureau were formally classified as daily workers (일용직), but the Supreme Court recognized them as employees who continuously worked under a subordinate employment relationship, confirming the broadcaster's obligation to pay severance pay (퇴직금). The Court held that when a daily employment relationship continues without interruption, the worker must be treated as a regular employee (상용근로자) entitled to severance pay, and ruled that any prior waiver of severance pay rights or arrangements to include severance pay within daily wages are invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseExternal production staff at KBS's Drama Production Bureau worked continuously despite being formally classified as daily workers, and later claimed unpaid severance pay.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court disregarded the formal 'daily worker' contract label, found a substantive and continuous employer-employee relationship, and ordered KBS to pay severance pay as due to a regular employee.
  • LessonSimply labeling workers as 'daily employees' does not exempt an employer from severance pay obligations—if the actual work pattern is continuous, severance pay must be paid regardless of the contract's form.
Issues
  • Whether external production staff qualify as 'employees' under labor law
  • The standard for determining whether formally 'daily workers' should be treated as regular employees
  • The validity of an agreement to waive severance pay rights in advance
  • The validity of an arrangement that includes severance pay within the daily wage
Key reasoning

The Court held that whether a worker qualifies as an 'employee' under labor law must be determined based on the substantive nature of the working relationship—specifically, whether the person provided labor in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of earning wages—rather than the formal title or contract type used (e.g., 'daily worker'). Even if a contract is structured as a series of daily employment agreements, if the employment relationship in fact continued without interruption, the worker must be treated as a regular employee (상용근로자) for purposes of severance pay eligibility. Because the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) mandates severance pay as a form of protection for workers, any advance waiver of the right to claim severance pay is void as contrary to this mandatory protection. Similarly, an arrangement where severance pay is deemed already included in the daily wage is also invalid, since it effectively circumvents the statutory obligation to pay severance pay upon termination.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In determining whether a person constitutes a worker under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), the determination must be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages in the business or workplace, regardless of whether the contract takes the form of an employment contract or a service contract under the Civil Act (민법). In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following matters must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and is subject to the application of employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the worker is subject to specific and direct supervision and direction by the employer in the course of performing the work; whether the working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and whether the worker is bound thereby; whether the work is substitutable, such as whether the worker himself may employ a third party to perform the work on his behalf; the ownership relationship of equipment, raw materials, and work tools; matters relating to remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax on wages is withheld at source; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those relating to the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties.

[2] In a case where outside production staff providing labor at the Drama Production Bureau of the Korea Broadcasting Corporation (한국방송공사) had the specific content of their work determined by the program's directing producer and were subject to his direction and supervision, and where the place and time of labor provision were entirely bound by the program production schedule; where the deputy chief of the planning team within the Drama Production Bureau, as the person in charge of outside production staff, approved the work logs prepared by the outside production staff and managed their labor, including assigning outside production staff according to the production status of programs; and where the remuneration received by the outside production staff, although calculated pursuant to the Korea Broadcasting Corporation's Broadcast Production Cost Payment Regulations, was not determined according to work performance or results but was calculated by adding overtime allowances to a basic daily wage, thereby having the character of consideration for the labor itself — the court held, considering these circumstances comprehensively, that the outside production staff constituted workers who provided labor to the Korea Broadcasting Corporation in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages.

[3] Even where a worker is formally a daily worker, if the daily employment relationship has continued without interruption, the worker must be regarded as a regular worker, and the employer must calculate the period during which the daily employment relationship continued as continuous years of service, in accordance with the employees under the employment rules and remuneration regulations, and pay retirement allowance corresponding thereto. It is not the case that the regular, continuous, and subordinate nature of a worker's employment can be recognized only where the worker has worked an average of 25 days or more per month.

[4] The specific right to claim retirement allowance arises only upon satisfaction of the requirement of termination of the labor relationship, that is, retirement; as long as the employment contract continues, there is no room for the obligation to pay retirement allowance to arise. Therefore, even if a certain amount of money was paid daily, under the name of retirement allowance, together with the daily wage, such payment has no effect as payment of retirement allowance as prescribed under Article 34 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법). Furthermore, an agreement to waive in advance the right to claim retirement allowance that arises upon final retirement is null and void as being in violation of Article 34(1) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Full text (English, AI translation) 14,278 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 6 others (Attorney for the plaintiffs: Law Firm Simin Jonghap, Attorney Jeon Yeong-sik, in charge)
[Defendant, Appellant] Korean Broadcasting System (Attorney for the defendant: Law Firm Samheung Jonghap, Attorneys Kim O-su and 3 others, in charge)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 99Na47909 rendered on April 29, 2000

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

1. Summary of the Judgment Below

Based on the evidence presented, the court below found the following facts: the Plaintiffs worked as floor directors (F.D.) or scripters (S.C.) (collectively referred to as "external production personnel") for the production of broadcast dramas in the Defendant Corporation's Drama Production Bureau; in the Defendant Corporation's Drama Production Bureau, a deputy director of the Drama Planning Team, acting as the person in charge of external production personnel, handled duties such as securing new personnel, assigning on-site training, final review of production logs (work logs) prepared by external production personnel, and coordinating personnel by program in the event of a shortage of external production personnel, and when the director or assistant director in charge of a newly planned program merely specified the number of floor directors or scripters needed and requested support, the external production personnel were assigned according to a rotation system, and when a specific external production person was designated and a request was submitted, that person continued to be utilized as designated upon obtaining internal approval from the head of the Drama Production Bureau, thereby exercising overall management and supervision over the external production personnel; the Plaintiffs received specific and direct instructions and supervision from the directors and assistant directors regarding the content of work related to the production of the relevant programs, and floor directors generally performed duties such as conveying the director's instructions, including directional guidance, to production personnel, notifying actors of filming dates and plans, requesting support from cooperating departments, preparing and inspecting necessary equipment, controlling the filming location, and organizing the filming location and equipment after filming, while scripters performed duties such as reviewing scripts and checking the continuity of props and costumes, recording the director's overall filming instructions, and assisting in checking footage and in the editing process; the Plaintiffs' specific working hours were determined according to the program production schedule, such that they began work around 9:00 a.m. and, even late at night, could only leave work after the scheduled recording had finished, and when outdoor filming was necessary, they sometimes had to travel and stay overnight for several days under the director's direction; the Plaintiffs were required to prepare work logs regarding their attendance times and work content, have them confirmed by the director of the relevant program and the person in charge of external production personnel, and submit them to the person in charge of salary payment, and if they were negligent in performing their duties, they were subject to actual sanctions, such as being excluded from the relevant program or receiving disciplinary reprimands; upon completion of the program in which they had been participating, the Plaintiffs were assigned to a new program either immediately or after a gap of two to three days, and continued to work, such that they worked on average about 25 days per month, and the period between the end of a program in which they had participated and their assignment to a new program was regarded merely as a rest period for recuperation, such that it was practically impossible for them to engage in other profit-making activities while awaiting assignment to a new program; the Defendant Corporation paid, only for the Plaintiffs' actual working days, an amount combining the basic daily wage and overtime allowance, calculated in accordance with the grade determined by their length of service with the Defendant Corporation, based on the standards for temporary auxiliary personnel wages under the Broadcasting Production Cost Payment Regulations, once a month in the name of salary, by group of external production personnel, and withheld from such remuneration not income tax but freelance income tax; the Plaintiffs were not enrolled in the labor union or the workplace health insurance union within the Defendant Corporation, and while Article 3 of the Defendant Corporation's collective bargaining agreement provides that daily, contract, or commissioned employees employed for less than three months and persons in special positions or occupations are excluded from eligibility for union membership, it provides that other employees may join the Defendant Corporation's labor union as members and be subject to the collective bargaining agreement, and the number of union members of the Defendant Corporation's labor union exceeds a majority of the regularly employed workers. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, even though the Defendant Corporation's collective bargaining agreement, employment rules, and personnel regulations did not directly apply to the Plaintiffs, and the Plaintiffs were not enrolled in the Defendant Corporation's workplace health insurance union, and thus were not recognized as employees under statutes concerning the social security system, in light of the facts that the content, working hours, and place of work to be performed by the Plaintiffs were determined by the Defendant Corporation and the Plaintiffs were bound thereby; that in the course of performing their duties, they received specific and direct direction and supervision from the Defendant Corporation, and the remuneration accordingly had the character of consideration for labor itself; that even if there were temporary gaps in the labor-provision relationship, it continued in the sense that they were placed into subsequent program productions; and that they had worked exclusively for the Defendant Corporation for a considerable period, the Plaintiffs constituted employees under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) who continuously provided labor to the Defendant Corporation for the purpose of wages in a relationship of use and subordination, and that the provisions on retirement allowances in the Defendant Corporation's collective bargaining agreement should also apply to the Plaintiffs, and therefore the Defendant Corporation is obligated to pay retirement allowances under the collective bargaining agreement for the period from when the Plaintiffs began working for the Defendant Corporation until they finally ceased working. As to the Defendant Corporation's argument that the Plaintiffs had agreed from the outset with the Defendant Corporation to receive only remuneration under the Broadcasting Production Cost Payment Regulations and not to receive retirement allowances separately, the court below rejected this argument on the ground that there was no evidence to establish that such an agreement existed between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant Corporation.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

In determining whether a person constitutes an employee under the Labor Standards Act, regardless of whether the contract is, in form, an employment contract or a service contract under the Civil Act (민법), the determination must be made based on whether, in substance, the worker provided labor to the employer in a subordinate relationship at a business or workplace for the purpose of wages. In determining whether such a subordinate relationship exists, the following factors must be comprehensively considered: whether the content of the work is determined by the employer and the worker is subject to employment rules, service regulations, personnel regulations, etc., and whether the worker receives specific and direct direction and supervision from the employer in the course of performing the work; whether the working hours and place of work are designated by the employer and the worker is bound thereby; whether there is substitutability of work, such as the worker being able to hire a third party to perform the work on his or her behalf; the ownership of equipment, raw materials, work tools, etc.; matters concerning remuneration, such as whether the remuneration has the character of consideration for the labor itself, whether a basic or fixed wage is set, and whether income tax withholding is made on the wages; the continuity of the labor-provision relationship and the existence and degree of exclusive affiliation with the employer; whether the worker's status as an employee is recognized under other statutes, such as those concerning the social security system; and the economic and social conditions of both parties (see Supreme Court Decision 95Da20348 rendered on April 26, 1996; Supreme Court Decision 97Da17575 rendered on December 26, 1997, etc.). According to the record, it can be seen that, with respect to the external production personnel providing labor in the Defendant Corporation's Drama Production Bureau, the specific content of their work was determined by the director in charge of the program, and they were subject to his direction and supervision; furthermore, the place and time of providing labor were entirely bound by the program production schedule; the deputy director of the Planning Team within the Drama Production Bureau, as the person in charge of external production personnel, approved the work logs prepared by the external production personnel and managed the labor by assigning external production personnel according to the production status of programs; and although the remuneration received by the external production personnel was in accordance with the Defendant Corporation's Broadcasting Production Cost Payment Regulations, it was not determined based on work performance or results but was calculated by adding overtime allowance to the basic daily wage, thus having the character of consideration for the labor itself. Considering these circumstances comprehensively, the Plaintiffs are to be regarded as employees who provided labor to the Defendant Corporation in a subordinate relationship for the purpose of wages, and therefore the judgment of the court below on this point is justified, and there is no error of mistaking the facts or misapplying the law regarding whether the Plaintiffs constitute employees under the Labor Standards Act, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

3. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

Even if a worker is formally a daily worker, if the daily employment relationship has continued without interruption, the worker must be regarded as a regular employee, and the employer must calculate the period during which the daily employment relationship continued as continuous years of service, treating the worker as equivalent to an employee under the employment rules and remuneration regulations, and pay retirement allowance corresponding thereto (see Supreme Court Decision 83Daka657 rendered on August 19, 1986). It is not the case that a worker's regularity, continuity, and subordination as an employee can be recognized only where the worker works on average 25 days or more per month (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 93Da26168 rendered on July 11, 1995).

According to the record, it can be seen that while the Plaintiffs' average number of working days per month was about 25 days, and there were gap periods between the completion of a program in which the Plaintiffs had participated and their participation in the next program, such periods did not exceed 15 days, and such periods were recognized as waiting periods for participation in the next program or as rest periods for recuperation. Accordingly, continuity of labor can be recognized not merely for the periods during which the Plaintiffs participated in the production of individual programs, but for the entire period from when the Plaintiffs began working for the Defendant Corporation until they finally ceased working. Therefore, the judgment of the court below on this point is justified, and there is no error of mistaking the facts or misapplying the law regarding continuity of labor, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

4. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3

A specific claim for retirement allowance arises only upon the satisfaction of the requirement of termination of the employment relationship, that is, retirement, and as long as the employment contract continues, no obligation to pay retirement allowance can arise. Therefore, even if a certain amount of money was paid under the name of retirement allowance included in the daily wage received each day, such payment does not have the effect of payment of retirement allowance as prescribed in Article 34 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법 제34조) (see Supreme Court Decision 96Da24699 rendered on March 24, 1998); moreover, an agreement to waive in advance the claim for retirement allowance that arises upon final retirement is void as it violates Article 34, Paragraph 1 of the Labor Standards Act (see Supreme Court Decision 97Da49732 rendered on March 27, 1998).

The judgment of the court below, which rejected the Defendant Corporation's argument that the Plaintiffs should be regarded as having agreed from the outset with the Defendant Corporation to receive only remuneration under the Broadcasting Production Cost Payment Regulations and not to receive retirement allowance separately, on the ground that there was no evidence to establish that such an agreement existed between the Plaintiffs and the Defendant Corporation, is justified, and there is no error of mistaking the facts or misapplying the law, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

5. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the participating Justices.

Justice Song Jin-hun (Presiding Justice), Yoon Jae-sik, Lee Gyu-hong (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 한다.

[2] 한국방송공사 드라마제작국에서 노무를 제공하는 외부제작요원들은 구체적인 업무내용이 프로그램 담당 연출자에 의하여 결정되어 그의 지휘·감독을 받을 뿐만 아니라 노무제공 장소 및 시간도 프로그램 제작일정에 전적으로 구속되며, 드라마제작국내 기획반 차장이 외부제작요원담당자로서 외부제작요원들이 작성한 업무일지를 결재하고 프로그램의 제작상황에 따라 외부제작요원을 배치하는 등 노무를 관리하여 왔고, 외부제작요원들이 수령한 보수는 한국방송공사 방송제작비지급규정에 따른 것이기는 하나 업무실적이나 업무결과에 따른 것이 아니라 기본일당에 시간외 수당이 가산되는 방법으로 산정되어 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격을 갖는 점 등을 종합적으로 고려하면 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 한국방송공사에 근로를 제공한 근로자에 해당한다고 한 사례.

[3] 형식적으로 일용근로자라 하더라도 일용관계가 중단되지 않고 계속되어 온 경우에는 상용근로자로 보아야 하고 사용자로서는 취업규칙 및 보수규정상의 직원에 준하여 일용관계가 계속된 기간을 계속 근로년수로 계산하여 그에 상응하는 퇴직금을 지급하여야 하고, 반드시 월 평균 25일 이상 근무하여야만 근로자의 상근성, 계속성, 종속성을 인정할 수 있는 것은 아니라 할 것이다.

[4] 구체적인 퇴직금지급청구권은 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 종료를 요건으로 하여 비로소 발생하는 것으로 근로계약이 존속하는 한 퇴직금 지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없으므로 매일 지급받는 일당 속에 퇴직금이란 명목으로 일정한 금원을 지급하였다고 하여도 그것은 근로기준법 제34조에서 정하는 퇴직금의 지급으로서의 효력은 없을 뿐만 아니라, 최종 퇴직시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 사전에 포기하는 약정은 근로기준법 제34조 제1항에 위반되어 무효이다.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제14조

[2] 근로기준법 제14조

[3] 근로기준법 제34조

[4] 근로기준법 제34조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 95다20348 판결(공1996상, 1690), 대법원 1997. 12. 26. 선고 97다17575 판결(공1998상, 396), 대법원 2000. 1. 28. 선고 98두9219 판결(공2000상, 598), 대법원 2001. 8. 21. 선고 2001도2778 판결(공2001하, 2125) / [3] 대법원 1976. 9. 14. 선고 76다1812 판결(공1976, 9352), 대법원 1979. 1. 30. 선고 78다2089 판결(공1979, 11772), 대법원 1986. 8. 19. 선고 83다카657 판결(공1986, 1201), 대법원 1995. 7. 11. 선고 93다26168 전원합의체 판결(공1995하, 2577) / [4] 대법원 1996. 5. 14. 선고 95다19256 판결(공1996하, 1837), 대법원 1997. 7. 25. 선고 96다22174 판결(공1997하, 2660), 대법원 1998. 3. 24. 선고 96다24699 판결(공1998상, 1131), 대법원 1998. 3. 27. 선고 97다49732 판결(공1998상, 1190)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 5,073자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 6인 (소송대리인 법무법인 시민종합법률사무소 담당변호사 전영식)

【피고, 상고인】 한국방송공사 (소송대리인 법무법인 삼흥종합법률사무소 담당변호사 김오수 외 3인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2000. 4. 29. 선고 99나47909 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 원심 판단의 요지

원심은 거시 증거에 의하여 원고들이 피고 공사 드라마제작국에서 방송드라마 제작을 위한 진행요원(F.D. : Floor director) 또는 기록요원(S.C. : Scripter)(진행요원과 기록요원을 합하여 이하 '외부제작요원'이라 한다)으로 근무해 온 사실, 피고 공사 드라마제작국에서는 드라마기획반 차장이 외부제작요원의 담당자로서 신규인원 확보, 현장실습 배정, 외부제작요원이 작성한 제작일지(업무일지)에 대한 최종검토, 외부제작요원 결원시 프로그램별 조정 등의 업무를 맡으면서, 새로 기획된 프로그램의 담당 연출자 또는 조연출자가 진행요원 또는 기록요원의 숫자만을 정하여 그 지원을 요청하는 경우에는 외부제작요원을 로테이션의 방식에 따라 배치하고, 특정한 외부제작요원을 지정하여 품의를 올리는 경우에는 드라마제작국장의 내부결재를 얻어 그대로 외부제작요원을 활용하게 하는 등 외부제작요원에 대한 전반적인 관리·감독을 한 사실, 원고들은 해당 프로그램의 제작에 따른 업무내용에 관하여는 연출자 및 조연출자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지시와 감독을 받았는데, 진행요원은 대체로 프로그램 제작요원들에게 연출자의 연출방향 등 지시사항의 전달, 연기자에게 촬영일시 및 계획 통지, 협력 부서에 대한 지원요청, 필요한 장비의 준비 및 점검, 촬영장소 통제, 촬영 후 촬영장소 정비 및 장비수습 등의 업무를 수행하고, 기록요원은 대본 검토 후 소품 및 의상의 연결상태 점검, 연출자의 전반적 촬영지시사항 기록, 촬영테이프의 확인 및 편집과정에서의 보조 등의 업무를 수행한 사실, 원고들의 구체적인 근무시간은 프로그램 제작일정에 따라 정해지므로 09:00경 업무를 시작하여 밤늦더라도 예정된 녹화 일정이 끝난 후에야 퇴근할 수 있었고, 야외촬영이 필요한 경우에는 경우에 따라서 며칠씩 연출자의 지휘하에 출장을 나가 숙식하기도 한 사실, 원고들은 출퇴근시각과 업무내용에 관하여 업무일지를 작성하여 해당 프로그램의 연출자와 외부제작요원 담당자의 확인을 받아 급여지급 담당자에게 제출하여야 했고, 업무수행에 있어서 불성실한 경우 해당 프로그램에서 배제되거나 근신처분을 받는 등으로 실질적인 제재를 받아온 사실, 원고들은 참여하던 프로그램제작이 종료되면 곧바로 또는 2-3일 간의 공백기간을 거쳐 새로운 프로그램에 배치되어 계속 근무함으로써 1개월당 평균 25일 정도씩 근무하였고, 참여하던 프로그램의 종료 후 새로운 프로그램에 배치되기 전까지의 기간은 재충전을 위한 휴식기간으로 여길 뿐이어서 새로운 프로그램에 배치되기를 기다리는 기간 동안 다른 영리활동을 하는 것이 사실상 불가능한 사실, 피고 공사는 원고들의 실제근무일에 대해서만 피고 공사에서 근무한 경력에 따라 정해지는 등급을 기준으로 방송제작비지급규정의 임시보조요원사역료 지급기준에 의하여 기본 일당과 초과근무시간에 대한 시간외 수당을 합한 금액을 월 1회씩 급여의 명목으로 외부제작요원 그룹별로 지급하였고, 그 보수에 대하여는 소득세가 아닌 자유직업소득세를 원천징수한 사실, 원고들은 피고 공사 내에서 노동조합이나 직장의료보험조합에 가입되지 아니하였는데, 피고 공사의 단체협약 제3조는 3개월 미만의 일용, 계약, 촉탁직과 특수한 직위나 직종 종사자를 노동조합 가입대상에 제외되도록 규정할 뿐 그 외의 근로자들은 피고 공사 노동조합의 조합원으로 가입하여 단체협약의 적용을 받을 수 있도록 규정하고 있고, 피고 공사의 노동조합의 조합원 수는 상시근로자의 과반수를 넘는 사실을 인정하고, 피고 공사의 단체협약, 취업규칙 및 인사규정이 원고들에게 직접 적용되지 아니하고 원고들이 피고 공사의 직장의료보험조합에 가입되지 아니하는 등 사회보장제도에 관한 법령상의 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받지 못하고 있었다 하더라도, 원고들이 담당할 업무의 내용과 근무시간 및 장소가 피고 공사에 의하여 정해지고 그에 따른 구속을 받는 점, 그 업무수행과정에서도 피고 공사로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받을 뿐만 아니라 그에 따른 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 갖고 있는 점, 근로제공관계에 일시 공백기간이 있을지언정 후속 프로그램 제작에 투입되는 방식으로 계속적으로 이루어진 점, 상당기간 피고 공사에 전속적으로 근무해 왔던 점 등에 비추어 볼 때, 원고들은 임금을 목적으로 사용·종속적인 관계에서 계속적으로 피고 공사에게 근로를 제공한 근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하고, 피고 공사의 단체협약 중 퇴직금에 관한 규정은 원고들에게도 적용되어야 하므로 피고 공사는 원고들이 피고 공사에서 근무를 시작한 때로부터 최종적으로 근무를 마친 때까지 기간에 대하여 단체협약에 따른 퇴직금을 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하고, 원고들이 당초부터 피고 공사와 방송제작비 지급규정에 따른 보수만을 지급받기로 하고 퇴직금은 별도로 지급받지 않기로 약정하였다는 피고 공사의 주장에 대하여는 원고들과 피고 공사 사이에 위와 같은 약정이 있었음을 인정할 만한 아무런 증거가 없다는 이유로 배척하였다.

2. 상고이유 1점에 대하여

근로기준법상의 근로자에 해당하는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 그 계약이 민법상의 고용계약이든 또는 도급계약이든 그 계약의 형식에 관계없이 그 실질에 있어 근로자가 사업 또는 사업장에 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 사용자에게 근로를 제공하였는지 여부에 따라 판단하여야 하고, 여기서 종속적인 관계가 있는지 여부를 판단함에 있어서는 업무의 내용이 사용자에 의하여 정하여지고 취업규칙·복무규정·인사규정 등의 적용을 받으며 업무수행 과정에 있어서도 사용자로부터 구체적이고 직접적인 지휘·감독을 받는지 여부, 사용자에 의하여 근무시간과 근무장소가 지정되고 이에 구속을 받는지 여부, 근로자 스스로가 제3자를 고용하여 업무를 대행케 하는 등 업무의 대체성 유무, 비품·원자재·작업도구 등의 소유관계, 보수가 근로 자체의 대상적 성격을 갖고 있는지 여부와 기본급이나 고정급이 정하여져 있는지 여부 및 근로소득세의 원천징수 여부 등 보수에 관한 사항, 근로제공관계의 계속성과 사용자에의 전속성의 유무와 정도, 사회보장제도에 관한 법령 등 다른 법령에 의하여 근로자로서의 지위를 인정받는지 여부, 양 당사자의 경제·사회적 조건 등을 종합적으로 고려하여 판단하여야 할 것인바(대법원 1996. 4. 26. 선고 95다20348 판결, 1997. 12. 26. 선고 97다17575 판결 등 참조), 기록에 의하면, 피고 공사 드라마제작국에서 노무를 제공하는 외부제작요원들은 구체적인 업무내용이 프로그램 담당 연출자에 의하여 결정되어 그의 지휘·감독을 받을 뿐만 아니라 노무제공 장소 및 시간도 프로그램 제작일정에 전적으로 구속되며, 드라마제작국 내 기획반 차장이 외부제작요원담당자로서 외부제작요원들이 작성한 업무일지를 결재하고 프로그램의 제작상황에 따라 외부제작요원을 배치하는 등 노무를 관리하여 왔고, 외부제작요원들이 수령한 보수는 피고 공사 방송제작비지급규정에 따른 것이기는 하나 업무실적이나 업무결과에 따른 것이 아니라 기본일당에 시간외 수당이 가산되는 방법으로 산정되어 근로 자체에 대한 대상적 성격을 갖는 점을 알 수 있는바, 이러한 사정을 종합적으로 고려하면 원고들은 임금을 목적으로 종속적인 관계에서 피고 공사에 근로를 제공한 근로자라 할 것이므로 이에 관한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 근로기준법상의 근로자 해당 여부에 관한 사실오인이나 법리오해의 위법은 없다.

3. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

형식적으로 일용근로자라 하더라도 일용관계가 중단되지 않고 계속되어 온 경우에는 상용근로자로 보아야 하고 사용자로서는 취업규칙 및 보수규정상의 직원에 준하여 일용관계가 계속된 기간을 계속 근로년수로 계산하여 그에 상응하는 퇴직금을 지급하여야 하고(대법원 1986. 8. 19. 선고 83다카657 판결 참조), 반드시 월 평균 25일 이상 근무하여야만 근로자의 상근성, 계속성, 종속성을 인정할 수 있는 것은 아니라 할 것이다(대법원 1995. 7. 11. 선고 93다26168 전원합의체 판결 참조).

기록에 의하면, 원고들의 월 평균 근무일수가 25일 정도이고, 원고들이 참여하던 프로그램을 마치고 다음 프로그램에 참여하기까지 공백기간을 갖기는 하였으나 그 기간이 15일을 넘지 않았으며, 위 기간을 다음 프로그램에 참여하기 위한 대기기간 또는 재충전을 위한 휴식기간으로 인식하여 온 점을 알 수 있으므로 원고들이 개별 프로그램의 제작에 참여한 기간만이 아니라 피고 공사에서 근무를 시작하여 최종적으로 근무를 마친 전 기간에 대하여 근로의 계속성을 인정할 수 있다 할 것이므로 이에 대한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 근로계속성에 관한 사실오인 및 법리오해의 위법은 없다.

4. 상고이유 3점에 대하여

구체적인 퇴직금지급청구권은 퇴직이라는 근로관계의 종료를 요건으로 하여 비로소 발생하는 것으로 근로계약이 존속하는 한 퇴직금 지급의무는 발생할 여지가 없으므로 매일 지급받는 일당 속에 퇴직금이란 명목으로 일정한 금원을 지급하였다고 하여도 그것은 근로기준법 제34조에서 정하는 퇴직금의 지급으로서의 효력은 없을 뿐만 아니라(대법원 1998. 3. 24. 선고 96다24699 판결 참조), 최종 퇴직시 발생하는 퇴직금청구권을 사전에 포기하는 약정은 근로기준법 제34조 제1항에 위반되어 무효이다(대법원 1998. 3. 27. 선고 97다49732 판결 참조).

원고들이 당초부터 피고 공사와 방송제작비 지급규정에 따른 보수만을 지급받기로 하고 퇴직금은 별도로 지급받지 않기로 약정한 것으로 보아야 한다는 피고 공사의 주장에 대하여 원고들과 피고 공사 사이에 위와 같은 약정이 있었음을 인정할 만한 증거가 없다는 이유로 피고의 주장을 배척한 원심의 판단은 정당하고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 사실오인이나 법리오해의 위법은 없다.

5. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 송진훈(재판장) 윤재식 이규홍(주심)

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