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대법원 93다8870

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1995. 04. 21. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case involved a company that amended its severance pay (퇴직금) rules in a way that disadvantaged its employees. Although the labor union that later ratified this change was established only after the amendment took place, the Supreme Court held that the ratification was valid. Since the plaintiff employee's appeal was dismissed, the employer prevailed.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA company amended its severance pay (퇴직금) rules in a way disadvantageous to employees, and a labor union established afterward later ratified the change.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that a union established after the amendment still has the authority to retroactively ratify it, making the rule change valid.
  • LessonSince even disadvantageous changes to work rules (취업규칙) can become valid through retroactive ratification by a majority union, both employers and employees should carefully review such amendments and their ratification process.
Issues
  • Whether a labor union established after a disadvantageous amendment to work rules has the authority to retroactively ratify that amendment
  • Whether a union's consent is valid even when the specific employees harmed by the amendment are not members of that union
  • What collective decision-making method is required for amending severance pay (퇴직금) rules
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, any amendment to work rules (취업규칙) that disadvantages employees requires consent through a collective decision-making process. Where a majority labor union exists, that union's consent is required for such changes to be valid. The Supreme Court ruled that a union established after the disadvantageous amendment can still validly ratify it retroactively (사후추인). This holds true even if the specific employees harmed by the original amendment are not members of the ratifying union, as the ratification authority belongs to the union as the collective bargaining representative of the workforce, not to individual affected employees.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

The authority to draft and amend rules of employment (취업규칙), such as retirement pay regulations, in principle belongs to the employer, so that the employer may draft and amend the rules of employment according to its own intent; however, where such amendment changes working conditions to the disadvantage of employees, it requires the consent obtained through the collective decision-making method of the employees who were subject to the previous rules of employment, and an amendment to the rules of employment made without obtaining such consent has no effect. As for the method of such consent (including ratification), where there is no labor union organized by a majority of the employees, consent may be obtained by a majority vote at a meeting of employees, but where such a union exists, the consent of that labor union must be obtained. This holds true even in a case of subsequent ratification of an amendment to the rules of employment that is disadvantageous only to some employees, where the labor union did not exist at the time the employer disadvantageously amended the rules of employment but was established thereafter, or where some of the employees who suffered disadvantage from the amendment had, by the time of ratification, lost their eligibility for union membership due to promotion or other reasons, and even if, in actuality, none of the employees who suffered disadvantage from the amendment were union members.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,890 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff, Attorney Han Byung-sik, Counsel for the Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellee] Sinsung Trading Co., Ltd., Attorney Ko Seok-yun, Counsel for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 92Na17848 dated January 8, 1993

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. The authority to prepare and amend employment rules (취업규칙), such as retirement allowance regulations, in principle rests with the employer, and the employer may prepare and amend the employment rules according to its own intention. However, where such amendment changes working conditions to the disadvantage of employees, the consent of the employees who were subject to the former employment rules, obtained through a method of collective decision-making, is required, and an amendment to the employment rules made without obtaining such consent is invalid (see Supreme Court Decision 77Da355 delivered on July 26, 1977; Supreme Court en banc Decision 91Da45165 delivered on December 22, 1992). As for the method of obtaining such consent (including ratification), where there is no labor union organized by a majority of the employees, consent may be obtained by a majority vote at a meeting of the employees; however, where such a labor union exists, the consent of that labor union must be obtained. This holds true even in a case of subsequent ratification of an amendment to the employment rules that is disadvantageous only to some employees, where the labor union did not exist at the time the employer disadvantageously amended the employment rules but was established thereafter, or where some of the employees who suffered disadvantage from the amendment had lost their eligibility for union membership at the time of ratification due to promotion or other reasons, and in fact none of the employees who suffered disadvantage from the amendment were union members.

2. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found, by adopting the findings of the first instance judgment, the following facts: the Defendant company originally established retirement allowance regulations on March 1, 1970, and thereafter operated a differentiated retirement allowance system under which, in dividing employees into office staff and production workers for purposes of retirement allowance payment, a progressive rate was applied to office staff while a flat rate of 30 days' average wage per year of service was applied to production workers; when Article 28, Paragraph 2 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), which prohibits differentiated retirement allowance systems, was newly enacted, the Defendant company, in order to comply therewith, amended the retirement allowance regulations on March 31, 1981, immediately before the provision took effect, so as to apply, without distinguishing between office staff and production workers, to all employees a progressive rate lower than the rate previously applied to office staff (according to the record, this was the rate that had been applied, pursuant to yet another earlier amendment, only to office staff hired on or after October 1, 1979), provided that for those hired on or before September 30, 1979, the previous rate would apply to their period of service up to March 31, 1981; as a result, under the retirement allowance regulations, the payment rate was lowered for office staff and raised for production workers compared to before; that on August 21, 1987, the Sinsung Trading Labor Union affiliated with the Federation of Korean Textile Workers' Unions was established at the Defendant company, covering all employees except for certain staff such as personnel officers, section chiefs and above, advisors, and consultants; that thereafter, when it became possible to establish labor unions on a workplace-by-workplace basis, on September 20, 1988, the Sinsung Trading Head Office Labor Union affiliated with the Federation of Korean Clerical and Financial Workers' Unions, comprising employees working at the head office as its members, was separated and established from the aforementioned Sinsung Trading Labor Union, and the former Sinsung Trading Labor Union was renamed the Sinsung Trading Juan Factory Labor Union affiliated with the Federation of Korean Textile Workers' Unions, resulting in the existence of two labor unions at the Defendant company; that the members of the said Head Office Labor Union numbered 87 out of 120 head office employees, and were composed mostly of office staff in the same job category as the Plaintiff; that as a result of collective bargaining separately conducted by the Defendant company with each of the two labor unions, the Defendant company, with respect to retirement allowances, concluded a collective agreement with the Juan Factory Labor Union on December 3, 1988, containing the same content as the retirement allowance regulations amended on March 31, 1981, in the same manner as the collective agreement concluded with the aforementioned Sinsung Trading Labor Union; however, with the Head Office Labor Union, there was a dispute in which the union demanded an increase in the payment rate under the employment rules, while the Defendant company asserted that a differentiated system could not be adopted and that it was difficult to treat the head office differently from the Juan factory; subsequently, on December 31 of the same month, later than the agreement with the Juan Factory Labor Union, a collective agreement was concluded providing that the retirement allowance provisions would conform to the employment rules' retirement allowance payment regulations. Based on these facts, the court below determined that the Head Office Labor Union of the Defendant company, established on September 20, 1988, constituted a labor union organized by a majority of the employees working at the head office, which is the workplace to which the Plaintiff belonged; that since the provisions concerning retirement allowances in the collective agreement dated December 31, 1988, concluded between the said Head Office Labor Union and the Defendant company, provided that the payment rate under the retirement allowance regulations as amended on March 31, 1981, would be followed, this constituted an effective subsequent ratification of the amendment to the retirement allowance regulations made on March 31, 1981, and the corresponding amendment to the employment rules; and that accordingly, each of the said amendments became retroactively effective as a result. The above determination by the court below accords with the legal principles set forth above and is justified, and it cannot be said that there was an error of law in misunderstanding the legal principles as argued in the grounds of appeal. The precedent cited in the grounds of appeal concerns a case with different facts and is not appropriate to be invoked in this case. The argument is without merit in its entirety.

3. As for the further argument that the judgment below erred in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning Article 37 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법), this merely criticizes as unlawful a determination made supplementarily to the court below's finding and determination that the amendment to the Defendant company's retirement allowance regulations was effectively ratified subsequently; since the said finding and determination of the court below is deemed justified in this case, such argument has no effect on the outcome of the judgment.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Ahn Yong-deuk (Presiding Justice), Cheon Gyeong-song, Ji Chang-gwon, Shin Seong-taek (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

퇴직금 규정과 같은 취업규칙의 작성·변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성·변경할 수 있으나, 그것이 근로조건을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것일 때에는 종전 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없으며, 그 동의(추인을 포함한다)의 방법은 근로자 과반수로 조직된 노동조합이 없는 경우에는 근로자들의 회의방식에 의한 과반수의 동의를 얻어도 되나 그러한 조합이 있는 경우에는 그 노동조합의 동의를 얻어야만 하는바, 이는 일부 근로자들에게만 불이익한 취업규칙의 변경을 사후에 추인하는 경우에 있어서 그 노동조합이 사용자가 취업규칙을 불이익하게 변경할 당시에는 없었다가 그 후에 설립되었다거나, 그 개정으로 불이익을 입은 근로자들 중 일부는 추인 당시 승진 등의 사유로 노동조합 가입자격을 상실한 상태였고 실제에 있어 그 개정으로 불이익을 입는 근로자들 중 노동조합에 가입한 근로자가 전혀 없다 하더라도 마찬가지라 할 것이다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제95조 제1항

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,665자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 한병식

【피고, 피상고인】 신성무역주식회사 소송대리인 변호사 고석윤

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1993. 1. 8. 선고 92나17848 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유을 본다.

1. 퇴직금규정과 같은 취업규칙의 작성, 변경에 관한 권한은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있으므로 사용자는 그 의사에 따라 취업규칙을 작성, 변경할 수 있으나, 그것이 근로조건을 근로자에게 불이익하게 변경하는 것일 때에는 종전 취업규칙의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 요하고, 이러한 동의를 얻지 못한 취업규칙의 변경은 효력이 없으며(대법원 1977.7.26. 선고 77다355 판결; 1992.12.22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결 참조), 그 동의(추인을 포함한다)의 방법은 근로자 과반수로 조직된 노동조합이 없는 경우에는 근로자들의 회의방식에 의한 과반수의 동의를 얻어도 되나 그러한 조합이 있는 경우에는 그 노동조합의 동의를 얻어야만 하는바, 이는 일부 근로자들에게만 불이익한 취업규칙의 변경을 사후에 추인하는 경우에 있어서 그 노동조합이 사용자가 취업규칙을 불이익하게 변경할 당시에는 없었다가 그 후에 설립되었다거나, 그 개정으로 불이익을 입은 근로자들 중 일부는 추인 당시 승진 등의 사유로 노동조합 가입자격을 상실한 상태였고 실제에 있어 위 개정으로 불이익을 입는 근로자들 중 노동조합에 가입한 근로자가 전혀 없다 하더라도 마찬가지라 할 것이다.

2. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 피고 회사는 원래 1970.3.1. 퇴직금규정을 마련한 이래 퇴직금 지급에 관하여 근로자를 직원과 생산직으로 구분하여 직원들에 대하여는 누진율을, 생산직에 대하여는 근속년수 1년에 대하여 30일분의 평균임금을 지급하는 단순율을 각 적용하는 차등퇴직금제도를 시행하여 오다가 퇴직금에 관한 차등제도를 금하는 근로기준법 제28조 제2항이 신설되자 이에 따르기 위하여 그 시행 직전인 1981.3.31. 퇴직금규정을 개정하여 직원과 생산직을 구분하지 아니하고 모든 종업원에 대하여 종전 직원들에게 적용하던 지급율보다는 낮은 누진율(기록에 의하면 위 개정 이전에 이루어진 또 다른 개정에 의하여 1979

.10.1. 이후 입사한 직원에게만 적용되던 지급율이다)을 적용하되 1979.9.30. 이전 입사자

에 대하여는 1981.3.31.까지의 근속기간에 대하여는 변경전 지급율을 적용하기로 하여 결과적으로 퇴직금규정상의 지급율이 직원들의 경우는 종전보다 인하되고, 생산직의 경우는 인상된 사실, 피고 회사에는 1987.8.21. 종업원 등 인사담당자, 계장급 이상, 고문 및 촉탁 등 일부 직원을 제외한 전종업원을 대상으로 하는 전국섬유노동조합연맹 신성무역 노동조합이 설립되었다가 그 후 노동조합을 사업장별로 둘 수 있게 되자 1988.9.20. 본사에 근무하는 근로자를 조합원으로 하는 전국사무금융노동조합연맹 신성무역본사 노동조합이 위 신성무역 노동조합에서 분리, 설립되고, 종전의 위 신성무역 노동조합은 전국섬유노동조합연맹 신성무역 주안공장 노동조합으로 변경되어 피고 회사에는 두 개의 노동조합이 존재하게 되었는데, 위 본사 노동조합의 조합원은 본사 종업원 120명 중 87명이었고, 대부분 원고와 같은 직종인 직원으로 구성되어 있었던 사실, 피고 회사는 위 두 개의 노동조합과 각각 단체교섭을 한 결과 퇴직금에 관하여 위 주안공장 노동조합과는 1988.12.3. 위 신성무역 노동조합과 체결하였던 단체협약과 마찬가지로 1981.3.31. 개정된 퇴직금규정과 같은 내용의 단체협약을 체결하였으나 본사 노동조합과는 취업규칙의 지급률을 인상하여 달라는 노동조합의 요구와 차등제도를 둘 수 없고 주안공장과 달리하기 어렵다는 피고 회사의 주장이 맞서다가 그보다 늦은 같은 달 31. 취업규칙의 퇴직금지급규정에 준하기로 하는 내용으로 단체협약을 체결한 사실 등을 제1심판결에 의하여 인용한 다음 1988.9.20. 설립된 피고 회사의 본사 노동조합은 원고가 속한 당해 사업장인 본사에 근무하는 근로자의 과반수로 조직된 노동조합에 해당하므로 위 본사 노동조합이 피고 회사와 체결한 1988.12.31.자 단체협약 중 퇴직금에 관한 규정은 1981.3.31. 개정된 퇴직금규정의 지급률에 의한 퇴직금규정을 따르겠다는 것이므로 1981.3.31. 퇴직금규정의 개정 및 그에 따른 취업규칙의 개정을 유효하게 사후추인한 것이니 위 각 개정은 이로써 소급하여 유효하게 되었다는 취지로 판단하였는바, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 앞에서 본 법리에 따른 것으로 정당하고 거기에 소론이 주장하는 바와 같이 법리오해의 위법이 있다 할 수 없으며, 소론이 지적하는 판례는 사안 내용을 달리하는 것이어서 이 사건에 원용하기에 적절하지 않다. 논지는 모두 이유 없다.

3. 그 밖에 원심판결에 노동조합법 제37조에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다는 주장은 원심이 피고 회사의 위 퇴직금규정의 변경이 유효하게 사후추인되었다고 본 인정판단에 부가적으로 한 판단이 위법하다고 비난하는 것에 지나지 않는 것이어서 원심의 위 인정판단이 정당하다고 보는 이 사건에서는 그 판결결과에 아무런 영향이 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 안용득(재판장) 천경송 지창권 신성택(주심)

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