Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 98다13747

Severance Pay and Other Claims퇴직금등

Decided2000. 06. 09. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case confirms the principle that even when an arbitration award (중재재정) retroactively raises wages after an employee's retirement, that increase does not apply to workers who had already left the company. Retirees from Korea Telecom (한국전기통신공사) demanded that the retroactive wage increase from an arbitration award be applied to them, but the Supreme Court (대법원) rejected their claim. The Court reaffirmed the established rule that collective bargaining agreements (단체협약) and arbitration awards only bind employees who are still employed at the time the agreement or award is concluded.

Key takeaways
  • CaseRetirees from Korea Telecom (한국전기통신공사) demanded that a retroactive wage increase from a post-retirement arbitration award also be applied to them.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that collective bargaining agreements and arbitration awards only bind employees who were still employed at the time of conclusion, so already-retired workers could not benefit from them.
  • LessonOnce you have retired, you cannot benefit from any subsequent collective bargaining agreement or arbitration award, no matter how favorable it may be, so the timing of your retirement should be carefully considered.
Issues
  • Whether an arbitration award concluded after an employee's retirement has retroactive effect on that already-retired employee
  • Whether a delay in concluding a new collective bargaining agreement after the previous one expired violates Article 35 of the former Trade Union Act
Key reasoning

A collective bargaining agreement or an arbitration award only takes legal effect for employees who remain employed at the time it is concluded. Even if the new terms are more favorable, they do not extend retroactively to workers who have already retired, since those workers are no longer party to the ongoing employment relationship the agreement governs. Additionally, the Court noted that even after a collective bargaining agreement expires, individual working conditions such as wages continue to exist as part of the employment contract (근로계약) itself. Therefore, a delay in concluding a new agreement after the old one expires does not violate the one-year validity period rule under the former Trade Union Act (구 노동조합법) Article 35.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A collective agreement is an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or an employer's association concerning working conditions and other matters arising in labor-management relations, and where a labor union concludes a collective agreement with the employer's side that retroactively consents to or approves the existing standards for determining working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are working at the business and who will become subject to the agreement after the collective agreement takes effect; there is no room for such effect to arise with respect to an employee who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement, and this is no different even where the working conditions have been changed in a manner favorable to the employee. An arbitration award has the same effect as a collective agreement, and the above legal principle applies thereto in the same manner.

[2] Even if a collective agreement has lost its effect, the portions concerning wages, retirement allowances, working hours, and other individual working conditions become part of the content of the labor contract of the employee who had been subject to that collective agreement, and unless a new collective agreement or rules of employment amending such content is concluded or prepared, or the individual employee's consent is obtained, such portions remain as the content of the individual employee's labor contract and continue to govern the employer and the employee. Therefore, even if, due to the late conclusion of a new collective agreement, an employee ends up being subject to the wage-related portion of the existing collective agreement for more than one year, this cannot be deemed to violate Article 35 of the former Trade Union Act (구 노동조합법), which sets the term of validity of a collective agreement concerning wages at one year.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,328 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants] Plaintiff 1 and 32 others (Attorneys Lee Du-seong and 1 other, Counsel for the plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Telecommunications Authority (Bae, Kim & Lee LLC (Taepyeongyang), Attorney Oh Yang-ho and 1 other, Counsel for the defendant)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 97Na36134 rendered on February 5, 1998

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by the plaintiffs.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the judgment of the court of first instance, the court below found the following facts: as consultations between the defendant Authority and its labor union regarding wages, etc. for 1995 did not result in agreement, the defendant Authority filed an application for arbitration with the National Labor Relations Commission (중앙노동위원회), and on July 28, 1995, received an arbitration award from the National Labor Relations Commission stating, "As for the wage agreement portion, it shall be as follows: wages shall be increased within the range of 5.7% on a total basis. The effective date of this arbitration award shall be January 1 of the same year for the wage agreement portion, and July 29 of the same year for the collective agreement portion." The plaintiffs had been employed by and worked for the defendant Authority, and retired on June 30, 1995; the defendant Authority paid wages to the plaintiffs from January 1 of that year until the said date of retirement in accordance with the previous wage agreement, and paid retirement allowances and voluntary retirement allowances based on amounts calculated accordingly.

Upon these findings, the court below rejected the plaintiffs' argument that the defendant Authority was obligated, pursuant to the arbitration decision, to pay the plaintiffs the difference between the amount already paid and the amount that should have been paid for the six-month period from January 1, 1995 to the date of retirement, June 30 of the same year, reflecting the increased base pay corresponding to the above wage increase and the correspondingly increased communication allowance, overtime allowance, annual/monthly leave compensation allowance, bonus allowance, physical training expenses, and the proper retirement allowance reflecting the increase. In rejecting this argument, the court below held that, unless the collective agreement itself provides otherwise, the effect of a collective agreement arises only with respect to union members or employees who are employed at the enterprise and subject to the agreement after the collective agreement takes effect, and there is no room for such effect to extend to employees who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement; and since an arbitration award has the same effect as a new collective agreement and binds both parties, even if its content retroactively changes the terms of individual employment relationships in a manner favorable to employees, its effect, as in the case of a collective agreement, should be deemed to extend only to employees who were employed at the enterprise at the time of the arbitration award, and not to employees who had already retired before that time.

A collective agreement is an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or employer's organization concerning working conditions and other matters arising in labor-management relations. Where a labor union concludes a collective agreement with the employer's side that retroactively consents to or approves the standards for determining existing working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are employed at the enterprise and subject to the agreement after the collective agreement takes effect; there is no room for such effect to extend to employees who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement (see Supreme Court Decision 91Da34073 rendered on July 24, 1992). This holds true even where the working conditions are changed in a manner favorable to employees, and since an arbitration award has the same effect as a collective agreement, the judgment of the court below to the same effect is justified, and it cannot be said that there is an error of law in misinterpreting and misapplying Supreme Court precedent as argued. The appellants' argument that, because this arbitration award set the effective date of the wage agreement portion to retroactively apply from January 1, 1995, it should be deemed to constitute a special provision intended to extend the effect of the agreement to employees who were working at the time the agreement took effect even if they had already retired at the time of the arbitration award, or that the wage agreement portion of this arbitration award should be deemed to have been rendered on January 1, 1995, is merely an idiosyncratic view and cannot be accepted.

Furthermore, even if a collective agreement has lost its effect, the portions concerning wages, retirement allowances, working hours, and other individual working conditions become part of the content of the employment contracts of the employees who were subject to that collective agreement, and, unless a new collective agreement or rules of employment changing such terms is concluded or drawn up, or the individual employee's consent is obtained, such portions remain as the content of the individual employee's employment contract and continue to govern the employer and the employee. Therefore, in a case such as this, even if a retired employee ends up being subject to the wage-related portion of the existing collective agreement for more than one year, this cannot be said to violate the Trade Union Act (노동조합법), which provides that the effective term of a collective agreement concerning wages shall be one year. The judgment of the court below on this point is also justified, and it cannot be said that there is an error of law in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning the effective term of collective agreements under the Trade Union Act, as argued.

This argument is without merit in its entirety.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below rejected the plaintiffs' argument that the defendant Authority had, in the past, when a new collective agreement was concluded belatedly, had an implicit agreement or practice of retroactively applying the effective date of the agreement to already-retired employees and paying additional wages, etc., and that, moreover, at the time of the plaintiffs' retirement in this case, a promise had been made to retroactively apply the wage increase. The court below held that the circumstances that the defendant Authority had, in 1989 and 1994, retroactively paid wages to retired employees in accordance with the content of the new collective agreements concluded in those years, and that the defendant Authority, much later, on August 26, 1996, after this arbitration award had been rendered, established compensation regulations retroactively applying the 1996 wage increase from January 1 of that year while limiting the scope of employees eligible for additional retirement allowance payments to those who were employed as of June 20 of that year, the date of the provisional agreement in collective bargaining, were insufficient to establish the existence of the agreement or practice alleged by the plaintiffs, and that the evidence submitted by the plaintiffs was otherwise insufficient to establish this. Examining the evidence submitted by the plaintiffs against the record, the court below's selection of evidence, fact-finding, and judgment are justified, and it cannot be said that there is an error of law in misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence, as argued. This argument, too, is without merit.

3. Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing parties. It is so decided by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices as set forth in the Order.

Justice Yoon Jae-sik (Presiding Justice), Lee Don-hee, Lee Im-su (Justice in charge), Song Jin-hoon

【판결요지】

[1] 단체협약은 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자 측과 기존의 임금, 근로시간, 퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하며 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대해서만 생기고, 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없고, 근로조건이 근로자에게 유리하게 변경된 경우라 하더라도 다를 바 없으며 중재재정은 단체협약과 동일한 효력을 갖는 것으로 위와 같은 법리가 그대로 적용된다.

[2] 단체협약이 실효되었다고 하더라도 임금, 퇴직금이나 노동시간, 그 밖에 개별적인 노동조건에 관한 부분은 그 단체협약의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 근로계약의 내용이 되어 그것을 변경하는 새로운 단체협약, 취업규칙이 체결, 작성되거나 또는 개별적인 근로자의 동의를 얻지 아니하는 한 개별적인 근로자의 근로계약의 내용으로서 여전히 남아 있어 사용자와 근로자를 규율한다고 할 것이므로, 새로운 단체협약이 늦게 체결됨에 따라 근로자가 기존 단체협약의 임금에 관한 부분을 1년 넘게 적용받는 결과가 된다고 하여 임금에 관한 단체협약의 유효기간을 1년으로 정하고 있는 구 노동조합법 제35조에 위반된 것이라고 할 수 없다.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제95조 제1항(현행 제97조 제1항 참조), 구 노동조합법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5244호 노동조합및노동관계조정법 부칙 제3조로 폐지) 제36조(현행 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제33조 참조), 구 노동쟁의조정법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5244호 노동조합및노동관계조정법 부칙 제3조로 폐지) 제37조(현행 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제68조 참조), 제39조 제2항(현행 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제70조 제2항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제95조 제1항(현행 제97조 제1항 참조), 구 노동조합법(1996. 12. 31. 법률 제5244호 노동조합및노동관계조정법 부칙 제3조로 폐지) 제35조(현행 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제33조 참조)

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 7. 24. 선고 91다34073 판결(공1992, 2516), 대법원 1992. 12. 22. 선고 91다45165 전원합의체 판결(공1993상, 546), 대법원 1995. 4. 21. 선고 93다8870 판결(공1995상, 1930), 대법원 1997. 6. 10. 선고 95다34316 판결(공1997하, 2121), 대법원 1997. 8. 22. 선고 96다6967 판결(공1997하, 2779)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,017자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 1 외 32인 (소송대리인 변호사 이두성 외 1인)

【피고, 피상고인】 한국전기통신공사 (소송대리인 법무법인 태평양 담당변호사 오양호 외 1인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1998. 2. 5. 선고 97나36134 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 원고들의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】상고이유를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 대하여

원심판결 및 제1심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 피고 공사가 그 노동조합과 사이에 1995년도 임금 등에 관한 협의가 이루어지지 아니하자 중앙노동위원회에 중재신청을 하여 1995. 7. 28. 중앙노동위원회로부터 "임금협약 부분은 다음과 같이 한다. 임금은 총액기준 5.7% 범위 내에서 인상한다. 본 건 중재재정의 효력발생기일은 임금협약 부분은 같은 해 1월 1일부터 단체협약 부분은 같은 해 7월 29일부터로 한다."는 내용의 중재재정을 받은 사실, 원고들은 피고 공사에 입사하여 근무하다가 1995. 6. 30.에 퇴직하였는데 피고 공사는 원고들에게 같은 해 1월 1일부터 위 퇴직일에 이르기까지 종전의 임금협약에 따라 임금을 지급하고, 퇴직금 및 희망퇴직금도 이에 따라 산출한 금원을 기초로 하여 지급한 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고 공사는 중재결정에 따라 1995. 1. 1.부터 위 퇴직일자인 같은 해 6월 30일까지 6개월간 위 인상분 만큼의 기본급 인상분과 이에 따라 증액 지급되어야 할 통신수당, 초과근무수당, 연·월차휴가보상수당, 상여수당, 체력단련비 및 인상분이 반영된 정당한 퇴직금에서 기지급된 퇴직금의 차액을 지급할 의무가 있다는 원고들의 주장에 대하여 단체협약의 효력은 그 단체협약에서 특단의 규정을 두지 않는 한 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하며 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대하여만 생기는 것이고 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 그 효력이 생길 여지가 없고, 위 중재재정은 새로운 단체협약과 똑같은 효력을 가지고 양 당사자를 구속하는 것이므로 그 내용이 개별적 근로관계의 내용을 근로자들에게 유리한 쪽으로 소급적인 변경을 가하는 것이라 하여도 단체협약의 경우와 마찬가지로 그 효력은 중재재정 당시 그 사업체에 종사하는 근로자에 대하여만 미치고 그 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 미치지 않는 것으로 보아야 한다고 판단하여 원고들의 주장을 배척하였다.

단체협약은 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자 측과 기존의 임금, 근로시간, 퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하며 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대해서만 생기고, 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없고(대법원 1992. 7. 24. 선고 91다34073 판결 참조), 근로조건이 근로자에게 유리하게 변경된 경우라 하더라도 다를 바 없으며 중재재정은 단체협약과 동일한 효력을 갖는 것이므로 같은 취지의 원심의 판단은 정당하고 여기에 논하는 바와 같이 대법원 판례를 잘못 해석·적용한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없고, 이 사건 중재재정에서 임금협약의 효력발생 시점을 1995. 1. 1.부터 소급하도록 한 것은 중재재정 당시에 이미 퇴직한 근로자라 하더라도 협약의 효력발생시에 근무하고 있었던 근로자들에게는 협약의 효력을 미치게 하려는 특단의 규정을 둔 것이라고 보아야 한다거나 이 사건 중재재정 중 임금협약 부분은 1995. 1. 1.에 중재재정이 이루어진 것으로 보아야 한다는 취지의 상고 논지는 독자적인 견해로서 받아들일 수 없다.

그리고 단체협약이 실효되었다고 하더라도 임금, 퇴직금이나 노동시간, 그 밖에 개별적인 노동조건에 관한 부분은 그 단체협약의 적용을 받고 있던 근로자의 근로계약의 내용이 되어 그것을 변경하는 새로운 단체협약, 취업규칙이 체결, 작성되거나 또는 개별적인 근로자의 동의를 얻지 아니하는 한 개별적인 근로자의 근로계약의 내용으로서 여전히 남아 있어 사용자와 근로자를 규율한다고 할 것이므로, 이 사건과 같은 경우 퇴직한 근로자가 기존 단체협약의 임금에 관한 부분을 1년 넘게 적용받는 결과가 된다고 하여 임금에 관한 단체협약의 유효기간을 1년으로 정하고 있는 노동조합법에 위반된 것이라고 할 수 없는바, 이 부분에 관한 원심의 판단도 정당하고 여기에 논하는 바와 같이 노동조합법상 단체협약의 유효기간에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

논지는 모두 이유가 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 대하여

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고 공사가 종전에도 새로운 단체협약이 늦게 체결된 경우 이미 퇴직한 근로자들에 대하여서도 그 협약의 효력발생일까지 소급적용하여 추가로 임금 등을 지급하여 주는 묵시적인 합의 내지 관례가 있었고, 더구나 이 사건 퇴직시에는 임금인상분을 소급적용하기로 하는 약속을 하였다는 원고들의 주장에 대하여 피고 공사가 1989년과 1994년도에 그 해에 체결된 새로운 단체협약의 내용에 따라 퇴직근로자들에게 임금을 소급하여 지급한 사정과 피고 공사가 이 사건 중재재정이 내려진 훨씬 후인 1996. 8. 26.에 1996년도의 임금인상을 같은 해 1월 1일부터 소급적용하면서 퇴직금의 추가지급대상을 같은 해 6월 20일자 단체교섭 가협정체결에 따라 그 날 재직중인 자로 한정하는 보수규정을 정한 사정만으로는 원고들 주장과 같은 합의나 관례가 있다고 볼 수 없고, 달리 원고들이 제출한 증거들만으로는 이를 인정할 수 없다고 판단하여 원고들의 주장을 배척하였는바, 원고들이 제출한 증거들을 기록과 대조하여 보면 원심의 증거취사와 사실인정 및 판단은 정당하고 여기에 논하는 바와 같이 채증법칙을 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지도 이유가 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자들의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤재식(재판장) 이돈희 이임수(주심) 송진훈

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