Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2001도204

Violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법위반)근로기준법위반

Decided2001. 02. 23. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (파기환송) — the case was sent back to the lower court for further review of whether unavoidable circumstances excused the employer from criminal liability.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This precedent addresses whether an employer can avoid criminal punishment for failing to pay wages or severance pay (퇴직금) due to financial difficulties. The Supreme Court held that mere business hardship is not enough to excuse criminal liability; the employer must show that, despite exhausting every possible effort and acting in good faith, the non-payment was truly unavoidable as recognized by common social standards. Because the lower court failed to fully examine whether such unavoidable circumstances existed, the case was reversed and remanded.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A company failed to pay employees' wages and severance pay due to financial difficulties and was prosecuted for violating the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).
  • OutcomeResult: The court ruled that criminal punishment can be avoided only if the non-payment was truly unavoidable despite the employer's utmost sincere efforts, not merely due to general business hardship.
  • LessonLesson: Employers facing wage non-payment should keep concrete documentation proving they made every possible effort, as this is essential to avoid criminal liability.
Issues
  • The scope of an employer's criminal liability for failing to pay wages and severance pay
  • The requirements for recognizing a ground for exculpation (책임조각사유) when wage non-payment results from business difficulties
Key reasoning

Under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), an employer who fails to pay wages or severance pay is generally subject to criminal liability. However, the Supreme Court recognized an exception: if the employer made every sincere effort and exhausted all possible means, yet the non-payment was still unavoidable to a degree recognized by common social standards, this constitutes a ground for exculpation (책임조각사유) from criminal responsibility. The lower court erred by not conducting a sufficient factual inquiry into whether such unavoidable circumstances actually existed in this case, rather than simply attributing the non-payment to general business difficulties. This reasoning sets a high bar—financial trouble alone is insufficient; concrete evidence of exhaustive good-faith efforts is required.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

It is not permitted under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) for an employer to fail to pay or to delay payment of wages or retirement allowances solely on the ground that the enterprise is in a recession; however, where it can be socially and generally acknowledged that the employer, despite exerting every good faith effort, could not have prevented the delay or nonpayment of wages, such that no further lawful conduct could be expected of the employer, or where it is recognized that there existed unavoidable circumstances such that the employer made the utmost effort to pay the retirement allowance but was utterly unable to pay it within the payment deadline due to financial difficulties arising from poor management, such grounds constitute grounds for exculpation from responsibility for the respective offenses under Articles 36 and 42 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법).

Full text (English, AI translation) 2,870 chars

[Defendant] Defendant
[Appellant] Defendant
[Judgment Below] Seoul District Court Judgment 2000No3948, decided December 27, 2000

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Panel Division of the Seoul District Court.

[Reasoning]

It is not permissible under the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) for an employer to fail to pay or to delay payment of wages or retirement allowances solely on the ground that the enterprise is in financial difficulty; however, where it can be recognized, in light of social norms, that even though the employer exerted every sincere effort, the delay or non-payment of wages could not have been prevented, such that no further lawful conduct could be expected of the employer, or where it is recognized that the employer made its best efforts to pay retirement allowances but was unable, due to unavoidable circumstances such as financial difficulties arising from poor business performance, to pay the retirement allowance within the due date, such circumstances constitute grounds for exculpation from criminal liability for violations of Articles 36 and 42 of the Labor Standards Act, respectively (see Supreme Court Decision 85Do1262, decided October 8, 1985; Supreme Court Decision 92Do2089, decided July 13, 1993; Supreme Court Decision 94Do1477, decided November 10, 1995, etc.).

According to the record, in the defendant's grounds of appeal, the defendant asserted such unavoidable circumstances, namely that even before he assumed the position of representative director of the non-indicted stock company, the company's financial condition had already become extremely dire, but that he had made efforts to resolve the unpaid wages, and that he was in the process of disposing of the company's vehicles and real estate, among other assets, in order to resolve the matter; moreover, the defendant submitted materials that appear to be relevant to this point. Accordingly, the court below should have conducted further examination on these points in determining whether the defendant was criminally liable. Nevertheless, the court below, having construed the defendant's grounds of appeal as concerning only the unfairness of sentencing, failed to examine and rule upon the aforementioned unavoidable circumstances. This constitutes an illegality affecting the judgment, in that the court below failed to exhaust its examination of, or omitted to rule upon, the said point. Therefore, the argument in the grounds of appeal pointing out this error is well-founded.

Accordingly, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and adjudication, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Presiding Justice Son Ji-yeol
Justice Song Jin-hun
Justice Yun Jae-sik (Justice in charge)
Justice Lee Gyu-hong

【판결요지】

사용자가 기업이 불황이라는 사유만을 이유로 하여 임금이나 퇴직금을 지급하지 않거나 체불하는 것은 근로기준법이 허용하지 않는 바이나, 사용자가 모든 성의와 노력을 다했어도 임금의 체불이나 미불을 방지할 수 없었다는 것이 사회통념상 긍정할 정도가 되어 사용자에게 더 이상의 적법행위를 기대할 수 없다거나, 사용자가 퇴직금 지급을 위하여 최선의 노력을 다하였으나 경영부진으로 인한 자금사정 등으로 도저히 지급기일 내에 퇴직금을 지급할 수 없었다는 등의 불가피한 사정이 인정되는 경우에는 그러한 사유는 근로기준법 제36조, 제42조 각 위반범죄의 책임조각사유로 된다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제36조, 제42조, 제112조

【참조판례】

대법원 1985. 10. 8. 선고 85도1262 판결(공1985, 1509), 대법원 1993. 7. 13. 선고 92도2089 판결(공1993하, 2328), 대법원 1995. 11. 10. 선고 94도1477 판결(공1995하, 3959)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,071자 · 펼쳐 보기

【피 고 인】 피고인

【상 고 인】 피고인

【원심판결】 서울지법 2000. 12. 27. 선고 2000노3948 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울지방법원 본원 합의부에 환송한다.

【이 유】사용자가 기업이 불황이라는 사유만을 이유로 하여 임금이나 퇴직금을 지급하지 않거나 체불하는 것은 근로기준법이 허용하지 않는 바이나, 사용자가 모든 성의와 노력을 다했어도 임금의 체불이나 미불을 방지할 수 없었다는 것이 사회통념상 긍정할 정도가 되어 사용자에게 더 이상의 적법행위를 기대할 수 없다거나, 사용자가 퇴직금 지급을 위하여 최선의 노력을 다하였으나 경영부진으로 인한 자금사정 등으로 도저히 지급기일 내에 퇴직금을 지급할 수 없었다는 등의 불가피한 사정이 인정되는 경우에는 그러한 사유는 근로기준법 제36조, 제42조 각 위반범죄의 책임조각사유로 된다고 할 것이다(대법원 1985. 10. 8. 선고 85도1262 판결, 1993. 7. 13. 선고 92도2089 판결, 1995. 11. 10. 선고 94도1477 판결 등 참조).

기록에 의하면 피고인은, 항소이유서에서, 피고인이 공소외인 주식회사의 대표이사로 취임하기 전부터 이미 위 회사의 재정상태가 극도로 악화되어 있었지만, 체불임금의 해소를 위하여 노력하여 왔으며, 그 해결을 위하여 회사 소유 차량과 부동산 등을 처분 중이라는 등 위와 같은 불가피한 사정을 내세우고 있을 뿐만 아니라, 이 점과 관련되는 것으로 보이는 자료도 제출하고 있으므로, 원심으로서는 위와 같은 점을 좀더 심리하여 피고인의 죄책 유무를 판단하여야 할 것임에도 불구하고, 피고인의 항소이유를 양형부당에만 있다고 보고 위와 같은 불가피한 사정에 관하여는 심리·판단하지 아니한 원심의 조치에는, 위 점에 관하여 심리를 다하지 아니하였거나 판단을 유탈함으로써 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다고 할 것이므로, 이를 지적하는 취지의 상고이유의 주장은 이유 있다.

그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 이를 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 손지열(재판장) 송진훈 윤재식(주심) 이규홍

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