Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다42982

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.해고무효확인등

Decided1992. 06. 26. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A union officer was disciplinarily dismissed (징계해고) after filing baseless criminal complaints and accusations (고소·고발) against the company's representative and copying meeting minutes without authorization. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that minor procedural defects in the disciplinary process did not invalidate the dismissal, and that the officer's conduct exceeded the legitimate scope of union activities (노동조합 활동), making the dismissal valid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA union officer was disciplinarily dismissed for filing baseless complaints against the company representative and copying meeting minutes without authorization.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled that minor procedural defects did not invalidate the dismissal, and that the officer's actions exceeded the scope of legitimate union activity, making the dismissal valid.
  • LessonEven union officers can be lawfully dismissed if they engage in baseless accusations or unauthorized copying of documents, as such conduct is not protected as legitimate union activity.
Issues
  • Whether procedural violations in the disciplinary process invalidated the dismissal
  • The limits of legitimate union activity
  • Whether the disciplinary dismissal was appropriate under the circumstances
Key reasoning

The Court held that procedural irregularities related to who had authority to request disciplinary action do not, by themselves, render a dismissal invalid (해고무효). It further reasoned that filing groundless criminal complaints against company management and copying internal documents such as meeting minutes without permission fall outside the protected scope of legitimate union activities. Since these actions were not justified as part of the union officer's official duties, the company was entitled to treat them as grounds for disciplinary dismissal (징계해고). Therefore, the dismissal was found to be lawful and effective.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] According to the employer's Internal Regulations for Enforcement of Personnel Regulations (인사규정시행내규), "a request for disciplinary action shall be submitted by an executive officer or the head of each department or office to the head of the personnel department. The head of the personnel department who has received the request for punishment shall refer it to deliberation by the Personnel Committee." This provision can be interpreted to mean that a request for disciplinary action may be made not only by an executive officer or the head of the department to which the person subject to discipline belongs, but also by the head of another department to which the person subject to discipline does not belong. Moreover, even if this provision is construed to mean that department or office heads may only request disciplinary action against employees belonging to their own department, such that a request for discipline by the head of the General Affairs Department against an employee not belonging to the General Affairs Department would constitute a procedural violation, in light of the fact that ultimately it is the head of the General Affairs Department, as the head of the personnel department, who refers the request for discipline to deliberation by the Personnel Committee, such procedural violation cannot be deemed to render the disciplinary dismissal of the employee void. Case example so holding.

[2] Even where the notice of attendance before the Personnel Committee was given to the person subject to discipline only one day in advance, this cannot be regarded as an unlawful notice that disregards the purpose of the provision guaranteeing the right to make statements under the Personnel Management Regulations, unless the notice was so urgent as to leave no time to prepare a defense and supporting materials. Furthermore, where the employee, after receiving notice of the dismissal disposition and requesting a reexamination, appeared before the Personnel Committee and made statements in his own favor, he cannot thereafter assert that the disciplinary procedure is void for violating the provision guaranteeing the right to make statements. Case example so holding.

[3] Even union activities lose their legitimacy where they contravene social norms, and in particular, industrial action (쟁의행위) is recognized as legitimate only where its means and methods are limited to passively impeding the normal operation of business so as to inflict damage on the employer.

[4] Filing a criminal complaint or accusation against the representative of one's workplace with an investigative agency, or submitting to another institution a petition containing content that disparages his character, without clear supporting evidence, and secretly removing the minutes kept by the head of the General Affairs Department without his authorization and copying them without permission, exceed the bounds of legitimate industrial action or legitimate union activity, even if such acts were carried out pursuant to the collective will of the union members. Case example so holding.

Full text (English, AI translation) 10,269 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant]

[Defendant, Appellee] North Korea Research Institute, a juridical association (사단법인 북한연구소), Attorney Jeong Tae-gyu, Litigation Representative

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Judgment 91Na21765, rendered October 23, 1991

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to whether the disciplinary procedure was violated

Article 33 of the Enforcement Regulations for Personnel Regulations (인사규정시행내규) of the Defendant juridical association provides: "A request for disciplinary action shall be submitted by an executive officer or the head of each department or office to the head of the department in charge of personnel affairs. The head of the department in charge of personnel affairs who has received the request for punishment shall submit it to the deliberation of the Personnel Committee." This provision may be interpreted to mean that a request for disciplinary action may be made not only by an executive officer or the head of the department to which the person subject to discipline belongs, but also by the head of another department to which the person subject to discipline does not belong. Moreover, even assuming that, under the above provision, the head of each department or office may request disciplinary action only with respect to employees belonging to his own department, and that therefore the request for disciplinary action against the Plaintiff made by the Head of the General Affairs Department constitutes a procedural violation, in light of the fact that ultimately the Head of the General Affairs Department, who is the head of the department in charge of personnel affairs, submitted the request for disciplinary action to the deliberation of the Personnel Committee, such procedural violation cannot be found to render the disciplinary dismissal of the Plaintiff void.

Furthermore, according to the record, it is recognized that on December 27, 1989, at around 15:40, the Plaintiff received a notice of attendance stating that he would be given an opportunity to attend and make statements before the Personnel Committee of the Defendant juridical association, which was to convene at 09:00 the following day, and that the Plaintiff requested a postponement of the Personnel Committee meeting; that the Personnel Committee nevertheless convened as scheduled and, having completed its deliberation on the grounds for discipline without the Plaintiff's attendance, resolved by the unanimous vote of all seven members to dismiss the Plaintiff by way of disciplinary action; and that the Chairman of the Board of the Defendant juridical association issued the dismissal disposition in accordance with the above resolution on the same day.

However, even though the notice of attendance to the Personnel Committee was given to the Plaintiff only one day in advance as described above, this cannot be deemed an unlawful notice that defeats the purpose of the guarantee of the right to make statements as provided in the Personnel Management Regulations, unless the notice was given with such short notice that the Plaintiff had no time to prepare his defense and supporting materials (see Supreme Court Judgment 78Nu123, rendered November 27, 1979). Moreover, since the Plaintiff, having reported to his workplace on the day the Personnel Committee convened, clearly expressed, despite receiving two requests to attend the Personnel Committee, his intention not to attend the Personnel Committee, it cannot be said that the disciplinary resolution made without the Plaintiff's attendance violated the above Personnel Management Regulations requiring that a person subject to discipline be given a sufficient opportunity to make statements.

Furthermore, it is recognized that the Plaintiff, having received notice of the above dismissal disposition on December 31, 1989, and being dissatisfied therewith, requested a reexamination from the Personnel Committee on January 6, 1990, and attended the Personnel Committee convened for reexamination at 10:00 on the 23rd of the same month, where he personally made statements favorable to himself. Therefore, the Plaintiff's argument that the disciplinary procedure against him was void for violating the provision guaranteeing the right to make statements is all the more unacceptable.

Accordingly, the court below was correct in rejecting, on the same rationale, the Plaintiff's argument that his dismissal was void due to procedural illegality, and there is no error of misapprehending the law concerning disciplinary procedure as argued in the grounds of appeal. This ground of appeal is without merit.

2. As to the existence of grounds for discipline

According to the entries in Exhibits A No. 1-1, 1-2 (notice of disciplinary disposition and the statement of reasons) and Exhibits B No. 11-1, 11-5 (request for disciplinary resolution, minutes of the Personnel Committee) cited in the first instance judgment as adopted by the court below, among the grounds for discipline against the Plaintiff found by the court below, it is clear that the following were not grounds for discipline that had undergone deliberation by the Personnel Committee: (i) the fact that the Plaintiff filed criminal complaints against the Chairman of the Board of the Defendant juridical association with the Seoul District Public Prosecutors' Office twice, in around February 1989 and around March 1989, for violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), and again in around June 1989 for violation of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법); and (ii) the fact that the Plaintiff received a warning from the National Unification Board on July 18, 1989, for poor work performance due to his negligence in handling his own duties. Nevertheless, the court below erred in including such grounds, which had not undergone deliberation by the Personnel Committee, among the grounds for discipline in determining the propriety of the disciplinary disposition against the Plaintiff. Furthermore, according to the record, while it is a fact that the Plaintiff filed a criminal complaint against Kim Chang-sun with the Northern Branch of the Seoul District Public Prosecutors' Office on October 5, 1989, on suspicion of forgery of private documents, uttering of forged private documents, and violation of the Labor Dispute Adjustment Act (노동쟁의조정법) (Case No. 89Hyeongje41380), and separately filed an accusation with the same branch office on the 24th of the same month (Case No. 89Hyeongje44817) again raising the issue of occupational embezzlement and occupational breach of trust, matters which had already been disposed of as "no suspicion" by the Seoul District Public Prosecutors' Office on July 25, 1989, and that both of these cases also resulted in decisions of "no suspicion," the court below, in describing this portion, stated that the Plaintiff filed a repeated complaint concerning the same facts including the forgery of private documents and uttering thereof that had already been disposed of as "no suspicion," and also stated that the Plaintiff filed complaints twice with the Northern Branch Office, specifying the dates of the complaints as September 20, 1989 and the following day; these statements cannot escape criticism as factually erroneous, albeit only in these peripheral respects.

However, the court below's fact-finding as to the remaining portions, excluding the facts noted above which the court below had additionally considered in addition to the original grounds for discipline, is all deemed to be justified and acceptable, and there is no illegality of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence. Furthermore, even taking into account only the grounds for discipline that had originally undergone deliberation by the Personnel Committee, insofar as the Plaintiff's conduct constitutes grounds for discipline as set forth in the Personnel Management Regulations, in light of the various circumstances stated by the court below, it cannot be said that the dismissal of the Plaintiff was so clearly unreasonable in light of generally accepted social norms as to constitute an abuse of the discretion regarding disciplinary action.

Furthermore, even trade union activities lose their legitimacy where they contravene generally accepted social norms, and in particular, industrial action is recognized as legitimate only where its means and methods are limited to passively impeding the normal operation of business so as to cause damage to the employer (see this Court's Judgment 90Do1431, rendered October 12, 1990). As found above, filing criminal complaints and accusations against the representative of the Defendant juridical association with investigative agencies without clear supporting materials, or submitting to other agencies petitions containing content that denigrates his character, and secretly removing without authorization and freely photocopying the minutes kept by the Head of the General Affairs Department, go beyond the bounds of legitimate industrial action or legitimate union activity, even if done pursuant to the collective will of the union members. Moreover, upon examination of the record, there is no evidentiary material to suggest that the Defendant juridical association, solely out of hostility toward the Plaintiff's activities as the chairman of the labor union, took the grounds noted above only as a pretext in form in order to substantially exclude the Plaintiff from the Defendant juridical association and thereby carried out the dismissal in this case. Therefore, it cannot be said that the dismissal of the Plaintiff constitutes an unfair labor practice rendering it void.

Accordingly, the arguments concerning misapprehension of facts or misapprehension of law regarding the grounds for discipline as set forth in the grounds of appeal are ultimately without merit.

This ground of appeal is also without merit.

3. Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff, who is the losing party. The Justices involved unanimously agree, and it is so ordered as stated in the Order.

Presiding Justice Kim Sang-won, Justice Yoon Young-cheol, Justice Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 사용자의 인사규정시행내규에 의하면 “징계요구는 임원 및 각 부, 실장이 인사담당부서의 장에게 제출하여야 한다. 처벌요구를 받은 인사담당부서의 장은 이를 인사위원회의 심의에 부의하여야 한다”고 규정되어 있어 징계요구는 임원이나 징계대상자가 소속되어 있는 부서의 장은 물론이고 징계대상자가 소속되어 있지 아니한 다른 부서의 장도 이를 할 수 있는 것으로 풀이될 뿐만 아니라 설사 위 규정이 각 부, 실장의 경우에는 당해 부서에 소속된 직원에 대하여서만 징계요구를 할 수 있을 뿐이어서 총무부 소속이 아닌 직원에 대한 총무부장의 징계요구가 절차위반에 해당된다고 하더라도 종국적으로는 인사담당부서의 장인 총무부장이 그 징계요구를 인사위원회의 심의에 부의하게 되어 있는 점에 비추어 보면 이러한 절차위반의 점을 들어 그 직원에 대한 징계해고가 무효로 된다고 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.

나. 피징계자에 대한 인사위원회 출석통지가 그 하루 전에 이루어졌다 하더라도 그것이 변명과 소명자료를 준비할 시간적 여유가 없을 정도로 촉박한 것이어서 인사관리규정이 정한 진술권 보장의 취지를 몰각한 부적법한 통지라고 볼 수는 없고, 더욱이 그가 해임처분의 통지를 받고 재심을 청구한 후 인사위원회에 출석하여 스스로에게 이익되는 진술을 하였다면 그 징계절차가 진술권 보장규정에 위배되어 무효라고 주장할 수 없다고 한 사례.

다. 노동조합의 활동이라도 사회상규에 반하는 경우에는 그 정당성을 상실하는 것이고, 특히 쟁의행위는 그 수단, 방법이 소극적으로 업무의 정상 운영을 저해함으로써 사용자에게 타격을 주는 데 그치는 경우에 한하여 그 정당성이 인정된다.

라. 뚜렷한 자료도 없이 소속직장의 대표자를 수사기관에 고소, 고발하거나 그에 대한 인격을 비난하는 내용까지 담긴 진정서 등을 타 기관에 제출하고 또 총무부장이 보관하는 회의록을 그 승인도 없이 몰래 꺼내어 이를 함부로 복사하는 것은 그것이 조합원들의 총의에 의한 것이라 하더라도 정당한 쟁의행위 내지 정당한 조합활동의 범주를 벗어나는 것이라고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.나.다. 근로기준법 제27조 / 다.라. 노동조합법 제39조 제1호, 노동쟁의조정법 제3조

【참조판례】

나. 대법원 1979.11.27. 선고 78누123 판결(공1980,12427), 1991.2.8. 선고 90다15884 판결(공1991,960), 1991.7.23. 선고 91다13731 판결(공1991,2231) / 다. 대법원 1990.10.12. 선고 90도1431 판결(공1990,2334) / 라. 대법원 1992.5.12. 선고 91다34523 판결(공1992,1838)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,403자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 사단법인 북한연구소 소송대리인 변호사 정태규

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.10.23. 선고 91나21765 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 징계절차의 위반 여부에 대하여

피고 법인의 인사규정시행내규 제33조에 의하면 “징계요구는 임원 및 각 부, 실장이 인사담당부서의 장에게 제출하여야 한다. 처벌요구를 받은 인사담당부서의 장은 이를 인사위원회의 심의에 부의하여야 한다”고 규정되어 있어 징계요구는 임원이나 징계대상자가 소속되어 있는 부서의 장은 물론이고 징계대상자가 소속되어 있지 아니한 다른 부서의 장도 이를 할 수 있는 것으로 풀이될 뿐만 아니라 설사 위 규정이 각 부, 실장의 경우에는 당해 부서에 소속된 직원에 대하여서만 징계요구를 할 수 있을 뿐이어서 원고에 대한 총무부장의 징계요구가 절차위반에 해당된다고 하더라도 종국적으로는 인사담당부서의 장인 총무부장이 그 징계요구를 인사위원회의 심의에 부의하게 되어 있는 점에 비추어 보면 이러한 절차위반의 점을 들어 원고에 대한 징계해고가 무효로 된다고 볼 수는 없다.

그리고 기록에 의하면, 원고는 1989.12.27. 15:40경 그 다음날 09:00에 개최되는 피고 법인의 인사위원회에 출석하여 진술할 수 있는 기회를 부여한다는 내용의 출석통지서를 교부받은 후 동 인사위원회의 개최를 연기하여 줄 것을 요청하였으나 인사위원회는 예정대로 개최되어 원고의 출석 없이 그 징계사유에 대한 심의를 마친 후 위원 7인 전원의 찬성으로 원고에 대한 징계해임을 의결하였고, 피고 법인의 이사장은 당일 위 해임결의에 따른 해임처분을 한 사실이 인정되나 원고에 대한 인사위원회에의 출석통지가 위와 같이 하루 전에 이루어졌다 하더라도 그것이 변명과 소명자료를 준비할 시간적 여유가 없을정도로 촉박한 것이어서 인사관리규정이 정한 진술권 보장의 취지를 몰각한 부적법한 통지라고 볼 수는 없다 할 것이고 ( 1979.11.27. 선고 78누123 판결참조), 또 원고는 인사위원회 개최당일 자신의 근무부서에 출근하여 위 인사위원회의 두차례에 걸친 출석요구를 받았음에도 불구하고 인사위원회에는 불참한다는 의사를 분명히 표시한 바 있으므로 원고의 출석 없이 이루어진 징계의결이 징계대상자에 대하여 충분한 진술의 기회를 부여하여야 한다는 위 인사관리규정에 위반되었다고 할 수도 없다.

더욱이 원고는 1989.12.31. 위 해임처분의 통지를 받고 이에 불복하여 1990. 1. 6. 인사위원회에 재심을 청구하고 같은 달 23. 10:00에 개최된 재심을 위한 인사위원회에 출석하여 스스로에게 이익되는 진술을 한 사실이 인정되는 바이므로 원고에 대한 징계절차가 진술권 보장규정에 위배되어 무효라는 주장은 더더욱 받아들일 바 못된다.

따라서 원심이 같은 취지에서 원고에 대한 해고가 그 절차상의 위법으로 인하여 무효라는 원고의 주장을 배척하였음은 옳고, 거기에 소론과 같은 징계절차에 관한 법리오해의 위법은 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 징계사유의 존부에 대하여

원심이 인용한 제1심 판결 거시의 갑 제1호증의 1, 2 (징계처분 통지 및 이유서), 을 제11호증의 1, 5 (징계의결요구서, 인사위원회 회의록)의 각 기재에 의하면 원고에 대한 원심판시의 위 각 징계사유 중 원고가 피고 법인의 이사장을 상대로 하여 서울지방검찰청에 1989.2월경 및 1989.3월경 두번에 걸쳐 근로기준법위반으로, 그리고 1989.6.월경 노동조합법위반으로 각 고소를 한 점과, 또 원고가 자신의 업무처리를 소홀히 하여 1989.7.18. 국토통일원으로부터 업무실적부진에 대한 경고를 받았다는 점은 인사위원회의 심의를 거친 징계사유가 아님이 명백함에도 불구하고 원심이 인사위원회의 심의를 거친 바도 없는 이러한 사유까지 징계사유에 포함시켜 원고에 대한 징계처분의 당부를 판단한 것은 잘못이라 할 것이고 또 기록에 의하면 원고가 1989.10.5. 김창순을 사문서위조, 동행사 및 노동쟁의조정법위반 혐의로 서울지방검찰청 북부지청에 고소(89형제41380) 하는 한편 같은 달 24.에는 서울지방검찰청에서 1989.7.25.자로 이미 무혐의 처리까지 된 바 있는 업무상횡령 및 업무상배임을 다시 문제삼아 같은 지청에 고발(89형제44817)하였으나 이들 사건에 대하여도 모두 무혐의결정이 내려진 사실이 있을 뿐인데 원심이 이 부분에 관한 설시를 함에 있어 원고가 사문서위조와 동행사의 점까지 무혐의처리된 동일사실을 들어 거듭 고소하였다고 한 것이나, 북부지청에 두번에 걸쳐 고소하였다고 하면서 그 고소일자를 1989.9.20.과 그 다음날이라고 적시한 것은 그 한도 내에서 지엽적으로 사실인정이 잘못되었다는 지적을 면할 수 없다 할 것이다.

그러나 원심이 당초의 징계사유에 추가하여 판단한 앞서 본 바와 같은 사실을 제외한 그 나머지 부분에 관한 원심의 사실인정은 모두 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고 거기에 채증법칙을 어겨 사실을 오인한 위법이 있다 할 수 없고, 나아가 당초 인사위원회의 심의를 거친 원고의 행위가 인사관리규정에 정하여진 징계사유에 해당되고 그 징계사유만을 기초로 한다 하더라도 원심이 설시한 여러 사정에 비추어 보면, 원고에 대한 해고가 사회통념상 현저하게 타당성을 잃어 징계에 관한 재량권을 남용한 것이라고 볼 수도 없다.

그리고 노동조합의 활동이라도 사회상규에 반하는 경우에는 그 정당성을 상실하는 것이고, 특히 쟁의행위는 그 수단, 방법이 소극적으로 업무의 정상 운영을 저해함으로써 사용자에게 타격을 주는 데 그치는 경우에 한하여 그 정당성이 인정되는 것이므로( 당원 1990.10.12. 선고 90도1431 판결) 위에서 본 바와 같이 뚜렷한 자료도 없이 피고 법인의 대표자를 수사기관에 고소, 고발하거나 그에 대한 인격을 비난하는 내용까지 담긴 진정서 등을 타 기관에 제출하고 또 총무부장이 보관하는 회의록을 그 승인도 없이 몰래 꺼내어 이를 함부로 복사하는 것은 그것이 조합원들의 총의에 의한 것이라 하더라도 정당한 쟁의행위 내지 정당한 조합활동의 범주를 벗어나는 것이라 할 것이고, 기록을 살펴보아도 피고 법인이 오로지 원고의 노조위원장으로서의 활동을 혐오하여 실질적으로 원고를 피고 법인으로부터 배제시키기 위하여 형식적으로만 앞에서 본 바와 같은 사유를 징계사유로 삼아 이 사건 해고에 나아간 것이라고 볼 만한 증거자료는 없으므로 원고에 대한 해고가 부당노동행위를 구성하여 무효로 된다고 할 수는 없다.

따라서 소론과 같은 징계사유에 관한 사실오인이나 법리오해의 주장은 결국 이유 없음에 돌아간다.

논지도 이유 없다.

3. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고, 상고비용은 패소자인 원고의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김상원(재판장) 윤영철 박만호

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