Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다43015

Invalidity of Dismissal Confirmation (해임처분무효확인)해임처분무효확인

Decided1992. 12. 08. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The dean of a college operated by an educational foundation submitted a letter of resignation (사직원) but continued performing his duties as dean for a full year afterward. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that this continued performance of duties amounted to a withdrawal of his intent to resign, and that the employer's later attempt to dismiss him by formally 'accepting' the already-withdrawn resignation letter was invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA college dean submitted a resignation letter but continued working for a full year, after which the employer belatedly dismissed him by formally 'accepting' that resignation letter.
  • OutcomeThe court held that continuing to work for one year showed the dean had withdrawn his intent to resign, and that the dismissal—carried out without proper legal procedure—was invalid.
  • LessonEven after submitting a resignation letter, an employee may withdraw it at any time before the employer's acceptance is finalized, and employers must always follow proper legal procedures when carrying out a dismissal.
Issues
  • Whether an employee can withdraw a stated intent to resign before the employer accepts it
  • The legal effect of continuing to work for an extended period after submitting a resignation letter
  • Whether a dismissal is valid without following proper legal dismissal procedures
  • The legal meaning of receiving severance pay (퇴직금) while a lawsuit contesting the dismissal's validity is pending
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, an employee may freely withdraw a resignation letter (사직원) at any time before the employer's acceptance becomes final and binding. Where an employee submits a resignation but then continues working for an extended period—here, one full year—this conduct is treated as the resignation letter having effectively been returned and the intent to resign withdrawn. Even if grounds for disciplinary dismissal existed, an employer cannot bypass proper dismissal procedures by simply 'accepting' a resignation that has already been withdrawn; doing so does not constitute a lawful dismissal. Therefore, without following the legally required dismissal process, such a dismissal is null and void.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Where the plaintiff won entirely at the first instance and only the defendant appealed, the plaintiff may still expand the claim in the appellate court, and this is deemed to constitute an incidental appeal (부대항소).

나. Where an employee proposes an offer to mutually terminate the employment contract relationship by submitting a letter of resignation, and the employer accepts this, thereby terminating the employment relationship, the employee may freely withdraw the declaration of intent to resign before the employer's intent to accept, based on the submission of the letter of resignation, has been formed and the effect of terminating the employment contract has definitively arisen.

다. In a case where Gap, the president (학장) of a college, submitted a letter of resignation, after which the chairman of the board of directors of the school foundation entrusted him with continuing to handle academic administration, and Gap accepted this and continued to perform the duties of president for nearly one year, the court held that the foundation returned the letter of resignation and Gap withdrew his intention to resign, and that the foundation's return of the letter of resignation does not necessarily require a resolution of the board of directors.

라. Even where grounds for disciplinary dismissal exist, a dismissal disposition carried out in the form of accepting a letter of resignation that should already be regarded as withdrawn and thus without effect, without going through the dismissal procedure required therefor, cannot be justified.

마. The mere fact of having received retirement pay while a lawsuit seeking confirmation of the invalidity of a dismissal disposition is pending cannot be deemed to constitute recognition of the validity of the dismissal disposition.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,970 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff, Attorney Kim Tae-cheong, Counsel for the Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellant] Defendant, School Foundation, Attorney Oh Yong-ho, Counsel for the Defendant
[Judgment Below] Gwangju High Court Judgment rendered October 29, 1991, Case No. 90Na1075

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning] The grounds for appeal (including the supplementary brief on grounds for appeal, which was submitted after the filing period had expired, to the extent it supplements the original brief) are examined.

1. In a case where the Plaintiff won entirely in the first instance and only the Defendant appealed, the Plaintiff may still expand the scope of the claim at the appellate stage, and this is deemed to constitute an incidental appeal. Therefore, it cannot be said that the lower court committed an error of misapprehending the legal principles regarding the scope of review on appeal and the amendment of claims, as argued in the grounds for appeal, by accepting such expansion.

2. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the lower court, based on the evidence cited, found the following facts: After the so-called "September 9 Incident," which was a clash between students of the university operated by the Defendant School Foundation, occurred, the Plaintiff, as the president (Hakjang) of the university, announced the so-called "Seven Pledges" in order to smoothly resolve the said incident, received the resignations of all the professors holding administrative posts at the university at the time, and simultaneously submitted his own resignation to the Defendant; that the chairman of the board of directors of the Defendant Foundation at the time ratified the Plaintiff's Seven Pledges and actively implemented them so as to achieve democratization within the university, while at the same time entrusting the academic administration of the university to the Plaintiff as president, thereby delegating to him the task of resolving the incident, suspended from office the dean of student affairs, the dean of academic affairs, and the head of the physical education department, and decided not to hold the remaining professors holding administrative posts responsible for the incident; that the Plaintiff accepted the chairman's delegation regarding the resolution of the incident and thereafter continued to perform the duties of president; that accordingly, the resignations of the other professors holding administrative posts were all returned to the persons concerned by the Plaintiff, who was in charge of such matters, but the Plaintiff's own resignation was kept in custody by the Defendant Foundation's administrative office at the direction of the chairman of the board, the non-party, and was not returned; that thereafter, as the implementation of the matters under the Seven Pledges proceeded slowly, disturbances continued without cease, including students demanding the president's resignation, and the chairman of the board, the non-party, repeatedly recommended that the Plaintiff resign, criticizing his lack of administrative ability, on or around August 20, 1988, August 27, 1988, and September 10, 1988; that on September 12, 1988, the Plaintiff suddenly issued and distributed to various press organizations a statement asserting that the failure to achieve democratization within the university was due to the arbitrary rule of the chairman of the board, the non-party, and urging that, for the sake of democratization within the university, the foundation and the school be separated, the organizational structure be reorganized, and all authority over personnel and finance be delegated to the president; and that on September 19 of that year, the Defendant Foundation, based on the resignation the Plaintiff had submitted on September 15, 1987, as noted above, dismissed the Plaintiff pursuant to a resolution of the board of directors of the Defendant Foundation. Having recognized the facts as stated in the judgment, the lower court rejected some of the evidence inconsistent therewith, as well as the testimony of the witnesses referred to in the grounds for appeal, which supported the assertion that the Plaintiff had repeatedly requested the chairman of the board of the Defendant Foundation, the non-party, on various occasions to delay the acceptance of the said resignation, finding such testimony unreliable. Upon comparison with the record, the above fact-finding of the lower court is deemed proper and may be accepted, and it cannot be said that there was an error of misapprehending the facts in violation of the rules of evidence or the rules of experience, as argued in the grounds for appeal.

3. In a case where an employee offers, by way of submitting a letter of resignation, to rescind the employment contract by mutual agreement, and the employer's acceptance thereof results in the termination of the employment relationship, the employee must be deemed entitled to freely withdraw the declaration of intention to resign at any time before the employer's intention to accept has been formed and the effect of terminating the employment contract has become definite (see this Court's Judgment rendered April 10, 1992, Case No. 91Da43138). As found by the lower court, after the Plaintiff submitted the resignation at issue in this case, the chairman of the board of the Defendant Foundation entrusted the Plaintiff with continuing to handle the academic administration of the university, including the resolution of the September 9 Incident, and the Plaintiff accepted this and continued to perform the duties of president of the Defendant School Foundation's university for nearly one year thereafter; and it was only around August of the following year, about one year after the resignation had been submitted, that the chairman of the board newly recommended that the Plaintiff resign. Given these facts, it must be said that the Defendant Foundation had, in effect, returned the said resignation, and that the Plaintiff had withdrawn his intention to resign. Upon careful examination of the record, it can be seen that the Plaintiff made an assertion to this effect, and it cannot be said that the return of a resignation necessarily requires a resolution by the board of directors of the Defendant Foundation.

The judgment of the lower court, being to the same effect, is proper, and it cannot be said that there was an error of misapprehending the legal principles as argued in the grounds for appeal, or a violation of the principle of party disposition or the principle of argument (dispositive principle), nor can it be said that the lower court's failure to specify the exact point in time at which the Plaintiff withdrew his intention to resign, in finding the above facts, constitutes a failure to state reasons or a contradiction in the reasons.

4. Even if grounds existed for disciplinary dismissal, a disposition of dismissal effected in the form of accepting a resignation which, having already been withdrawn, is to be regarded as having no effect, without following the procedures for dismissal corresponding to such disciplinary grounds, cannot be justified. The judgment of the lower court, being to the same effect, is proper, and there is no error of misapprehending the legal principles as argued in the grounds for appeal.

5. Upon examination of the record, it can be seen that the Plaintiff received the retirement allowance referred to in the grounds for appeal on May 8, 1989, at which time the instant lawsuit at the first instance—an action to confirm the invalidity of the dismissal disposition, which the Plaintiff had filed on September 30, 1988—was already pending. Accordingly, the lower court's determination that the mere fact that the Plaintiff received the retirement allowance after the said dismissal disposition cannot be deemed to constitute recognition of the validity of the dismissal disposition at issue in this case is proper and may be accepted, and there is no error of misapprehending the legal principles as argued in the grounds for appeal.

6. Upon examination of the record, the lower court's determination—rejecting the evidence cited in support of the assertion that the Plaintiff ordered demonstrating students to attack students opposing the demonstration during the September 9, 1987 Incident, thereby causing the Defendant Foundation to suffer the damages referred to in the grounds for appeal, and finding that there was no evidence to establish this—is proper and may be accepted, and there is no error of misapprehending facts in violation of the rules of evidence and the rules of experience.

All the grounds for appeal are without merit.

7. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. It is so decided, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as stated in the Order.

【판결요지】

가. 제1심에서 원고가 전부 승소하여 피고만이 항소한 경우에 원고는 항소심에서도 청구취지를 확장할 수 있고 이는 부대항소를 한 것으로 의제된다.

나. 근로자가 사직원의 제출방법에 의하여 근로계약관계의 합의해지를 청약하고 이에 대하여 사용자가 승낙함으로써 당해 근로관계를 종료시키게 되는 경우 근로자는 사직원의 제출에 따른 사용자의 승낙의사가 형성되어 확정적으로 근로계약 종료의 효과가 발생하기 전에는 사직의 의사표시를 자유로이 철회할 수 있다.

다. 학장인 갑이 사직원을 제출한 후 학교법인 이사장이 학사행정을 계속하여 줄 것을 위임하고 갑이 이를 수락하여 1년 가까이 학장의 직무를 계속 수행하였다면 법인은 사직원을 반려하고 갑은 사직의 의사를 철회한 것이고, 법인이 사직원을 반려함에 반드시 이사회의 결의를 요하는 것은 아니라고 한 사례.

라. 징계해고사유가 있다 하여도 그에 따른 해고절차를 거치지 아니하고 이미 철회되어 효력이 없다고 볼 사직원을 수리하는 형식으로 한 해고처분은 정당화될 수 없다.

마. 해임처분무효확인소송 계속중 퇴직금을 수령한 것만으로는 해임처분의 효력을 인정하였다고 볼 수 없다.

【참조조문】

가. 민사소송법 제235조, 제372조, 제385조 / 나.다.라.마. 근로기준법 제27조 / 나.다. 민법 제527조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1979.8.31. 선고 79다892 판결(공1979,12195), 1980.7.22. 선고 80다982 판결(공1980,13080), 1991.9.24. 선고 91다21688 판결(공1991,2611) / 나.라. 대법원 1992.4.10. 선고 91다43138 판결(공1992,1539) / 마. 대법원 1991.1.25. 선고 90누4952 판결(공1991,878), 1991.5.14. 선고 91다2656 판결(공1991,1627), 1992.3.31. 선고 90다8763 판결(공1992,1395)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,814자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 소송대리인 변호사 김태청

【피고, 상고인】 피고 학교법인 소송대리인 변호사 오용호

【원심판결】 광주고등법원 1991.10.29. 선고 90나1075 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유(제출기간이 지난뒤에 제출된 상고이유서보충서는 이를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를 본다.

1. 제1심에서 원고가 전부 승소하여 피고만이 항소한 경우에 원고는 항소심에서도 청구취지를 확장할 수 있고 이는 부대항소를 한 것으로 의제되는 것이므로 이를 받아들인 것이 소론과 같은 항소심의 심판범위와 소변경에 관한 법리오해의 잘못을 저지른 것이라 할 수 없다.

2. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 거시증거에 의하여 피고 학교법인 대학 학생들끼리의 충돌사고인 이른 바 9. 9. 사태가 있은 후에 원고는 학장으로서 위 사태를 원만히 수습하기 위한 소위 7개공약을 발표하고 당시 대학의 보직교수 전원의 사표를 받음과 동시에 자신의 사직원을 피고에게 제출한 사실, 당시 피고법인의 이사장은 원고의 위 7개공약을 추인하고 이를 적극 시행하여 교내민주화를 이루도록 함과 동시에 학사행정은 학장인 원고에게 맡기기로 함으로써 사태수습을 위임하고 학생처장과 교무처장 및 체육지도과장을 직위해제하고 나머지 보직교수들에 대하여는 위 사태에 대한 책임을 묻지 아니하기로 하고 원고도 이사장의 사태수습에 관한 위임을 받아들여 이후 계속하여 학장의 직무를 수행하기로 한 사실, 이에 따라 다른 보직교수들의 사직서는 그 소관자인 원고가 당사자들에게 모두 반려하였으나 원고의 사직서는 이사장인 소외인이 피고법인 사무국에 보관시킨 채 이를 반려하지 아니한 사실, 그런데 그 후 위 7개공약 사항의 이행이 지지부진하자 학생들이 학장의 퇴임을 요구하는 등 소요사태가 끊이지 아니하므로 위 소외인 이사장은 원고에게 그 행정력의 부족을 탓하면서 1988.8.20.경과 그 달 27.경 및 그 해 9. 10.경 거듭하여 사직을 권고한 사실, 원고는 그 해 9.12. 돌연 교내민주화가 이루어지지 아니하는 것은 이사장인 위 소외인의 전횡에 의한 것이므로 교내민주화를 위하여 재단과 학교를 분리하고 기구를 개편하며 인사와 재정에 관한 모든 권한을 학장에게 위임할 것을 촉구하는 내용의 성명서를 발표하고 이를 각 언론사 등에 배포하는 등 행위를 한 사실, 그 달 19. 피고 법인은 앞에서 본 바와 같이 원고가 1987.9.15. 제출한 사직서를 근거로 하여 피고 법인의 이사회의 결의에 따라 원고를 해임한 사실 등 판시사실을 인정하고 이에 배치되는 일부 증거들과 원고가 피고 법인의 이사장인 위 소외인에게 위 사직원의 수리를 늦추어 달라고 기회있을 때마다 부탁하였다는 점에 부합하는 소론 증인들의 증언을 믿을 수 없다 하여 배척하였는 바, 기록에 대조하여 살펴보면 원심의 위 사실인정은 정당한 것으로 수긍할 수 있고 거기에 소론주장과 같은 채증법칙이나 경험칙위반으로 인한 사실오인의 위법이 있다 할 수 없다.

3. 근로자가 사직원의 제출방법에 의하여 근로계약관계의 합의해지를 청약하고 이에 대하여 사용자가 승낙함으로써 당해 근로관계를 종료시키게 되는경우에는, 근로자는 위 사직원의 제출에 따른 사용자의 승낙의사가 형성되어확정적으로 근로계약종료의 효과가 발생하기 전에는 그 사직의 의사표시를 자유로이 철회할 수 있다고 보아야 할 것이고(당원 1992.4.10. 선고 91다43138 판결 참조), 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 원고의 이 사건 사직원 제출후 피고법인의 이사장이 원고에게 위 9.9. 사태의 수습등 대학의 학사행정을 계속하여 줄 것을 위임하고 원고가 이를 수락하여 그 후 1년 가까이 위 피고 학교법인 대학의 학장의 직무을 계속 수행하였으며, 사직원이 제출된 후 1년 가량 지난 이듬해 8월 경에 위 이사장이 새로이 사직을 권고하였다면 피고법인은 사실상 위 사직원을 반려하고 원고는 그 사직의 의사를 철회하였다고 할 것이며,기록을 자세히 검토하여 보면 원고는 이와 같은 취지의 주장을 하였다고 볼 수 있고 사직원을 반려함에 반드시 피고법인의 이사회에 의한 결의를 요하는 것은 아니라 할 것이다.

같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하고 거기에 소론주장과 같은 법리오해 또는 당사자처분권주의나 변론주의에 위반된 위법이 있다거나 원심이 위 사실을 인정함에 있어 원고가 사직의사를 철회한 시점을 명시하지 아니하였다 하여 이를 이유불비라거나 이유모순이라고 할 수 없다.

4. 징계해고사유가 있다 하여도 그에 따른 해고절차를 거치지 아니하고 이미 철회되어 효력이 없다고 볼 사직원을 수리하는 형식으로 한 해고처분이 정당화될 수는 없다. 같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하고 소론주장과 같은 법리오해가 없다.

5. 기록을 검토하여 보면 원고가 소론 퇴직금을 수령한 것은 1989.5.8.로서 당시에는 이미 원고가 1988.9.30. 제기한 이 사건 제1심소송인 해임처분무효확인소송이 계속중이었음을 알 수 있으므로 원심이 원고가 위 해임처분 이후 퇴직금을 수령한 것만으로는 이 사건 해임처분의 효력을 인정한 것이라고 볼 수 없다고 판단한 것은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고 거기에 소론주장과 같은 법리오해의 위법이 없다.

6. 기록을 검토하여 보면, 원심이 원고는 1987.9.9. 사태시 시위하는 학생들에게 이를 반대하는 학생들을 공격하도록 명령하여 그로 인하여 피고 법인이 소론과 같은 손해를 입었다는 점에 부합하는 거시증거들을 배척하고 이를 인정할 증거가 없다고 판시한 것은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고 거기에 채증법칙과 경험칙에 위배하여 사실을 오인한 위법이 없다.

논지는 모두 이유 없다.

7. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
2001다76229 · 대법원 2003-10-10
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal
#2
98다31172 · 대법원 1998-12-08
해임무효확인
#3
92다24462 · 대법원 1992-10-13
해임결의무효확인
#4
90다11554 · 대법원 1991-07-12
Confirmation of Invalid Dismissal, etc.
#5
95다49004 · 대법원 1996-11-26
Action to Confirm Invalidity of Dismissal, etc.

Cases citing this decision

99두8657 · 대법원 2000-09-05
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Dismissal Remedy
96다12276 · 대법원 1997-10-24
Retirement Pay
94다45753, 45760 · 대법원 1995-11-21
임금·부당이득금반환
94다15363 · 대법원 1995-02-28
Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal
92누16942 · 대법원 1993-07-27
의원면직처분취소

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)