Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93다10279

Invalidity of Job Reassignment (전직무효확인)전직무효확인

Decided1994. 04. 26. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A worker who served as a labor union chapter president was reassigned from Busan to Seoul in what the court found to be a retaliatory transfer motivated by the employer's hostility toward his union activities. When the worker refused to comply with the transfer order, the employer disciplinarily dismissed him. The Supreme Court ruled that both the transfer order and the subsequent dismissal were invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA union chapter president was reassigned from Busan to Seoul due to the employer's dislike of his union activities, then fired for refusing to relocate.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled both the transfer order and the dismissal were invalid because the transfer was retaliatory and unlawful under the Labor Standards Act.
  • LessonEmployers cannot use reassignment as a tool to punish or push out employees for union activity, and dismissals based on refusal of such unlawful orders will not be upheld.
Issues
  • The limits of an employer's authority to order job transfers and reassignments
  • The validity of a transfer order motivated by hostility toward union activities
  • The validity of a disciplinary dismissal based on refusal to comply with an unfair transfer order
  • Whether taking employment at another company affects a worker's intent to return to their original job
Key reasoning

While employers generally have discretion to reassign or transfer employees (전직·전보) as part of their personnel management authority, such orders become invalid if they violate the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constitute an abuse of rights. Here, the transfer was designed to pressure the worker into resigning because of hostility toward his union activities, which violates Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act—the provision protecting workers from unfair adverse treatment. Because the underlying transfer order was unlawful, the worker's refusal to comply could not serve as a valid ground for disciplinary dismissal. Consequently, the dismissal based on that refusal was also invalid.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. Reassignment or transfer of an employee falls, in principle, within the authority of the employer who holds the power of personnel management, and therefore considerable discretion must be recognized as belonging to the employer within the scope necessary for business operations; however, such reassignment or transfer is not permitted where special circumstances exist, such as where it violates Article 27(1) or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constitutes an abuse of rights.

b. A case holding that a disposition transferring an employee who had been working in Busan to Seoul, simultaneously with a promotion, was null and void as a violation of Article 27(1) of the Labor Standards Act, on the ground that the disposition was carried out with the intent of inducing the employee's resignation out of aversion to his previously active labor union activities.

c. A case holding that a disciplinary dismissal, which was carried out on the ground that the employee had failed to comply with an unjust reassignment disposition, was null and void.

d. A case holding that, since it takes a considerable period of time to be reinstated through a lawsuit for confirmation of invalidity of dismissal, and since the mental and economic hardship of living without employment during that period is very great, it is difficult to conclude, solely from the fact that the employee took employment at another company after the dismissal, that the employee had no intention to be reinstated.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,932 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Kim Sam-jung, Attorneys Moon Jae-in and 2 others
[Defendant, Appellant] Mihwadang Co., Ltd., Attorney Song Gi-bang
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 92Na8064 rendered on January 21, 1993

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1

A transfer or reassignment of an employee, in principle, falls within the authority of the employer as the holder of personnel authority, and therefore considerable discretion must be recognized in the employer within the scope necessary for business purposes; however, such a measure shall not be permitted where special circumstances exist, such as where it violates Article 27(1) or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constitutes an abuse of rights (see this Court's Decisions 90Daka27389 rendered on February 22, 1991, and 91Nu5204 rendered on January 21, 1992).

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: that the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on August 16, 1984 and began working in the Credit Sales Section of the Credit Sales Department, and, except for the one-year period during which he served as a full-time union president after being elected chairman of the labor union, continued to work only in the Credit Sales Section until the transfer order at issue in this case was given; that while working in the said Credit Sales Section, the Plaintiff contributed greatly to preventing loss to the company by detecting, around January 1986, the theft and unlawful use of the Defendant company's corporate credit card by a certain non-party 1, an employee of the same section, and by detecting, on three occasions between around December 1988 and October 1990, the embezzlement of card payments by employees of the same section; that meanwhile, a labor union was formed at the Defendant company on August 19, 1987, and the Plaintiff, after being elected as the union's first chairman, served as chairman of the union through two consecutive terms until August 31, 1990; that while serving as union chairman, the Plaintiff, around December 5, 1989, diligently engaged in union activities, including filing a petition with the Ministry of Labor on the ground that the Defendant company had failed to disclose the details of the expenditure of money deducted at the rate of 1% from the wages of all employees under the name of employee association dues, and filing a criminal complaint with the prosecution alleging embezzlement of employees' national savings funds; that on September 1 of the same year, through collective bargaining with the Defendant company, the Plaintiff obtained the right to full-time union leave for the union chairman, and served as a full-time union officer until the expiration of his term; that as the union's activities thus became more vigorous, the Defendant company transferred union auditor Ko Yeong-gwon from department store duty to supermarket duty on October 7 of the same year, and union delegate Park Yo-an likewise on November 4 of the same year, both of which transfers were regarded within the Defendant company as demotions, such that the two persons submitted their resignations; that subsequently, on December 11 of the same year, the Defendant company issued transfer orders assigning union secretary Lee Gwang-ju and union welfare director Yun Cheol-yun to supermarket duty, but when the union filed a petition for relief from unfair labor practices, the Defendant company reinstated the two persons to their original positions during the course of the hearing on that case; that thereafter, in order to prevent such unjust personnel measures, the 1990 collective agreement provided for an agreement between the Defendant company and the union that, with respect to union bargaining committee members, their expertise would be respected and they would not be transferred to departments or positions in which they could not fully exercise their work capabilities or to positions below their rank, and that no disadvantage would be given in promotion where there was no defect in their personnel evaluation; that meanwhile, upon completion of the Plaintiff's full-time term as union chairman, the Defendant company reinstated the Plaintiff to his original position in the Credit Sales Section of the Credit Sales Department, and the Plaintiff, with the company's approval, even enrolled at the Korea National Open University on January 20, 1991 (a university requiring attendance at classes for a set period each year, with a change of the attendance-class location from a regional area to Seoul being possible only after five or more registrations); that on June 26, 1991, without any prior consultation, the Defendant company notified the Plaintiff that, effective June 27 of the same month, he would be promoted to assistant manager and simultaneously transferred to the Defendant company's Seoul Business Headquarters, to which the Plaintiff had no connection whatsoever; that when the Plaintiff refused the said transfer order and failed to report for work at the Seoul Business Headquarters, the Defendant company disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff on July 29 of the same year on the ground of unauthorized absence for five or more days; that at the time, the Defendant company's Mihwadang Department Store Credit Sales Department, in preparing its 1991 business plan, reported to its superiors that, in order to expand credit card membership and secure the necessary customer management personnel, it needed to hire 11 additional persons—6 male and 5 female employees—in addition to the then-existing 14 employees; that on June 13 of the same year, before transferring the Plaintiff, the Defendant company placed a newspaper advertisement seeking to hire experienced employees holding at least a junior college degree with three or more years of experience in the credit sales field, and on October 18 of the same year, after issuing the transfer order to the Plaintiff, placed another newspaper advertisement seeking to hire persons experienced in receivables management; that, by contrast, the Defendant company's Seoul Business Headquarters had, until around April 1991, operated four supermarkets under its jurisdiction—the Gaepo, Anyang, Bucheon, and Hwasin branches—but due to poor business performance had progressively downsized its operations, closing the Bucheon and Hwasin branches around September of the same year, and reducing its staff from 9 to 6 persons by around February 1992. Based on the foregoing findings, and in light of all the circumstances revealed in the pleadings of this case—including the Plaintiff's department of work and work attitude from the time of his employment until the transfer order, his place of residence and personal ties, his record of activities as union chairman, the unjust personnel measures previously taken by the company against union officers, the difference in business between the Defendant company's department store and supermarket operations, and further the need for additional personnel in the department store's Credit Sales Department as against the contrasting downsizing of business and personnel at the Seoul Business Headquarters—the court below determined that the Defendant company's transfer order against the Plaintiff was a measure taken by the Defendant, who harbored aversion toward the Plaintiff on account of his vigorous activities as union chairman, in order to induce the Plaintiff to resign voluntarily, and that it therefore lacked justifiable grounds and was accordingly void as a matter of course.

Upon examination of the record, the above fact-finding and determination of the court below are proper, and there is no illegality therein, such as a misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence or a misapprehension of law, as alleged in the argument. This ground of appeal is without merit.

2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2

The court below, based on the evidence adduced, found the following facts: that upon receiving notice of the transfer from the Defendant on June 26, 1991, the Plaintiff immediately submitted to the General Affairs Section of the Defendant company's Department Store Business Division an application for annual leave covering the period from June 27 of the same year to July 11, 1991; that thereafter, in protest of the transfer disposition, the Plaintiff, even after his annual leave had ended, failed to report for work at the Seoul Business Headquarters and instead reported to his former place of work, Mihwadang Department Store (during this period, the Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit); that the Defendant company thereupon referred the Plaintiff to the disciplinary committee on the ground of unauthorized absence, and although the Plaintiff argued before the disciplinary committee that his absence did not constitute unauthorized absence, as it was due to his refusal of the unjust transfer order and his reporting to his former place of work, the committee rejected this argument and disciplinarily dismissed him; and that the Defendant company's rules of employment provide for six types of disciplinary measures: dismissal, suspension, transfer, wage reduction, reprimand, and warning. Upon examination of the record, the above fact-finding of the court below is proper, and there is no illegality of misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence, as alleged in the argument. Furthermore, if the Plaintiff was absent from work as a means of protesting or demanding correction of an unjust transfer, such absence, unlike ordinary unauthorized absence, cannot be regarded as misconduct of such a degree as to render it manifestly unjust to continue the employment relationship between the Plaintiff and Defendant. Accordingly, considering all the circumstances, including the grounds and circumstances of the unauthorized absence as found by the court below and the Plaintiff's degree of contribution to the Defendant company, the determination of the court below that the disciplinary dismissal in this case constitutes an abuse of the right to discipline or is contrary to the principle of equity and is therefore void is correct, and there is no illegality of misapprehension of law therein, as alleged in the argument. This ground of appeal is likewise without merit.

3. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3

According to the record, it is recognized that the Plaintiff has taken employment as a manager at the Yeonsan Sales Office of Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.; however, since a considerable period of time would elapse before a final judgment is rendered enabling the Plaintiff to be reinstated by means of this lawsuit, and since it can be fully recognized that the Plaintiff, as the head of household supporting his wife and two children, would suffer great economic and mental hardship if he were to remain without employment during that period, it is difficult, in light of these circumstances, to conclude that the Plaintiff, situated as he was, lacked any intention to be reinstated merely because he took employment with an insurance company.

Accordingly, the Defendant's argument asserting insufficient deliberation as to the existence of the benefit of bringing this lawsuit, premised on the Plaintiff's alleged lack of intention to return to his original position, is without merit, without any need to further examine the remaining points. This ground of appeal is likewise without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-un, Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in Charge)

【판결요지】

가. 근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 사용자에게 인정하여야 할 것이나 그것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 허용되지 않는다.

나. 부산에서 근무하던 근로자를 승진과 동시에 서울로 전직시킨 처분이 종전의 활발한 노조활동에 대한 혐오감에서 사직을 유도하려고 행한 것이어서 근로기준법 제27조 제1항에 위반하여 무효라고 한 사례.

다. 부당한 전직처분에 응하지 아니한 행위를 사유로 삼아 이루어진 징계해고가 무효라고 한 사례.

라. 해고무효확인의 소에 의하여 복직을 하려면 상당한 기간이 걸리는데 그 기간 동안 직장 없이 생활하기에는 정신적, 경제적 고통이 매우 크므로 해고 후 다른 회사에 취직하였다는 점만으로 복직의사가 없다고 보기는 어렵다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항

【참조판례】

가.나. 대법원 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결(공1992,927), 1993.2.23. 선고 92누11121 판결(공1993상,1092) / 가. 대법원 1991.5.28. 선고 90다8046 판결(공1991,1733), 1991.7.12. 선고 91다12752 판결(공1991,2154) / 가. 대법원 1993.4.27. 선고 92누14434 판결(공1993하,1590)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,108자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 김삼중 소송대리인 변호사 문재인 외 2인

【피고, 상고인】 주식회사 미화당 소송대리인 변호사 송기방

【원심판결】 부산고등법원 1993.1.21. 선고 92나8064 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 상고이유 제1점에 관하여

근로자에 대한 전직이나 전보는 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 안에서는 상당한 재량을 사용자에게 인정하여야 할 것이나 그것이 근로기준법 제27조 제1항 또는 제105조에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 허용되지 않는다고 할 것이다( 당원 1991.2.22. 선고 90다카27389 판결 및 1992.1.21. 선고 91누5204 판결 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 원고가 1984.8.16. 피고 회사에 입사하여 신용판매부 신용판매과에서 처음 근무를 시작한 이래 노조위원장에 피선되어 전임근무를 한 1년간을 제외하고는 이 사건 전직 명령이 있을 때까지 계속 신용판매과에서만 근무하여 온 사실, 원고는 위 신용판매과에 근무하면서 1986.1.경에는 같은과 직원인 소외 1의 피고 회사 법인신용카드 절취 및 불법사용을, 1988.12.경부터 1990.10.경까지 사이에 3회에 걸쳐 같은과 직원들의 카드대금 횡령을 각 적발하여 회사의 손해를 막는데 크게 기여한 사실, 한편 피고 회사에는 1987.8.19. 노동조합이 결성되었는데 원고는 초대 노동조합장으로 피선된 뒤 1990.8.31.까지 2대에 걸쳐 노동조합장으로서 노조활동을 한 사실, 원고는 노동조합장으로 재임중인 1989.12.5.경 피고 회사가 사우회비 명목으로 전직원의 급료에서 1%씩을 공제한 돈의 집행내역을 밝히지 않는다는 이유로 노동부에 진정을 제출하고, 직원들의 국민저축금이 횡령되었다며 검찰에 고소하는 등 노조활동을 열심히 하였고, 같은 해 9.1.에는 피고 회사와의 단체교섭을 통하여 노조조합장의 노조전임권을 획득하여 그 임기만료시까지 노동조합 전임 근무를 한 사실, 그런데 피고 회사에서는 위와 같이 노동조합의 활동이 활발하여지자 같은 해 10.7.에는 노조감사인 고영권을, 같은 해 11.4.에는 노조대의원인 박요안을 각 백화점 근무에서 슈퍼마켓으로 전직조치를 취하였던바, 피고 회사 내에서는 이를 좌천된 것으로 여기고 있는 터이어서 위 두 사람은 사표를 낸 사실, 이어 피고 회사는 같은 해 12.11. 노조사무장 이광주와 노조복지부장 윤철윤을 슈퍼마켓으로 발령을 내었다가 노조가 부당노동행위구제신청을 내자 동 사건의 심리 도중 위 두 사람을 원직에 복귀시켰던 사실, 그 후 1990년도 단체협약에서는 위와 같은 부당한 인사조치를 막기 위하여 피고 회사와의 사이에 노조교섭위원에 대하여는 동인들의 전문성을 존중하며 동인들의 업무수행능력을 충분히 발휘하기 어려운 부서 또는 그 직급에 미흡한 직책으로의 전보는 실시하지 않고 인사고과에 하자가 없을 때에는 진급에 불이익을 주지 않기로 합의한 사실, 한편 원고가 노동조합장 전임근무를 끝마치자 피고 회사는 원고를 원직인 신용판매부 신용판매과에 복직시켜 주었으며, 원고는 1991.1.20. 회사의 승인을 얻어 한국방송통신대학에 입학까지 하였는데 (위 대학에서는 매년 일정기간 출석수업을 받아야 하며 위 출석수업대학을 지방에서 서울로 변경하려면 5회 이상 등록한 경우에만 가능함), 피고 회사는 1991.6.26. 아무런 사전의 상의도 없이 같은 달 27.자로 서울에 아무런 연고도 없는 원고를 대리로 승진시킴과 동시에 피고 회사 서울영업본부로 전직한다고 통보한 사실, 이에 원고가 위 전직명령을 거부하며 서울영업본부에 출근하지 아니하자 5일이상 무단결근을 이유로 같은 해 7.29.자로 원고를 징계해고한 사실, 그런데 당시 피고 회사 미화당백화점 신용판매부에서는 1991년도 사업계획서를 작성하면서 크레디트카드회원의 확장과 그에 따른 고객관리요원의 확보를 위하여 당시 인원 14명 외에 남자직원 6명, 여직원 5명 도합 11명의 인원충원이 필요하다고 상부에 보고하였고, 피고 회사에서도 원고를 전직조치하기 전인 같은 해 6.13.전문대졸 이상의 학력소지자로서 신용판매부문 3년이상 경력을 가진 중견사원을 채용한다는 사원모집 신문광고를 내었고, 원고를 전직명령한 후인 같은 해 10.18.에도 채권관리직 유경험자를 채용한다는 신문광고를 내었으며, 이에 반하여 피고 회사 서울영업본부는 1991.4.경까지 그 산하에 개포점, 안양점, 부천점 및 화신점 등 4개의 슈퍼마켓을 두고 있었으나 영업실적이 나쁘자 이를 점진적으로 축소시켜 같은 해 9.경에는 부천점과 화신점을 폐쇄하였고 그 직원도 1992.2.경에는 9명에서 6명으로 줄어든 사실을 인정한 다음, 위에서 인정한 바와 같은 원고의 입사 후 전직명령시까지의 근무부서 및 근무태도, 생활연고지, 노동조합장으로서의 활동경력, 그 동안에 있었던 회사의 노조 간부들에 대한 부당한 인사조치, 피고 회사의 백화점과 슈퍼마켓 사이의 업무 차이, 나아가 백화점 신용판매부의 인원충원 필요성과 그와 상반된 서울영업본부의 업무 및 인원의 축소등 이 사건 변론에 나타난 제반사정에 비추어 볼 때 피고 회사의 원고에 대한 위 전직명령은 원고가 그간 노동조합장으로서 활발한 활동을 하여 온데 대하여 협오감을 가지고 있던 피고가 원고를 스스로 사퇴하도록 하기 위한 조치로서 그 정당한 이유가 없어 당연무효라고 판단하였다.

기록에 의하여 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 사실인정과 판단은 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인이나 법리오해의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점에 관하여

원심은 거시증거에 의하여 원고가 1991.6.26. 피고로부터 전직통보를 받고 즉시 피고 회사 백화점 사업부 총무과에 같은 해 6.27.부터 1991.7.11.까지의 기간에 대한 연차휴가원을 제출한 사실, 그 후 원고는 전직처분에 항의하기 위하여 연차휴가가 끝나고 나서도 서울영업본부에 출근하지 아니하고 종전 근무처인 미화당백화점에 출근한 사실(원고는 이 기간중 이 사건 소를 제기하였다), 그러자 피고 회사는 무단결근을 이유로 원고를 징계위원회에 회부하였으며 원고가 징계위원회에서 부당한 전직명령을 거부하고 종전 근무처에 출근하였던 것이므로 무단결근이 아니라고 변소하였으나 이를 받아들이지 아니하고 징계해고한 사실 및 피고 회사 취업규칙에는 징계의 종류로 해고, 정직, 전직, 감봉, 견책 및 경고의 6종류를 규정하고 있는 사실을 인정하였는바, 기록에 비추어 보건대 원심의 이러한 사실인정은 정당하고 거기에 소론과 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인의 위법은 없으며, 원고가 부당한 전직에 대한 항의 내지 시정요구의 수단으로 결근을 하였다면 이는 통상의 무단결근과는 달리 원·피고 사이의 근로계약관계를 지속케 하는 것이 현저히 부당하다고 인정할 정도의 비위행위라고는 볼 수 없다고 할 것이니, 원심 판시와 같은 무단결근의 사유와 경위, 원고의 피고 회사에 대한 공헌도 등 제반사정을 참작하여 볼 때, 원심이 이 사건 징계해고가 징계권의 남용이거나 형평의 원칙에 어긋난 것으로서 무효라고 판단한 조치는 옳고 거기에 소론과 같은 법리오해의 위법은 없다. 논지 역시 이유 없다.

3. 상고이유 제3점에 관하여

기록에 의하면, 원고가 현대해상화재보험주식회사 연산영업소의 부장으로 취업한 사실은 인정되지만, 원고가 이 사건 소에 의하여 복직을 하려면 최종적인 판결이 나오기까지 상당한 기간이 걸리는데 처와 2명의 자녀를 부양하고 있는 가장으로서 그 기간동안 직장이 없이 지내려면 경제적으로나 정신적으로 고통이 클 것임은 충분히 인정할 수 있으므로 이러한 점을 고려하면 그와 같은 처지에 있던 원고가 보험회사에 취직하였다는 점 만으로 복직의사가 없다고 보기는 어렵다.

따라서 원고에게 원직복귀의사가 없음을 전제로 하여 이 사건 소의 이익의 존부에 관한 심리미진을 주장하는 피고의 소론주장은 나머지 점에 관하여 더 살펴볼 필요없이 이유 없다. 논지 역시 이유 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김주한(재판장) 배만운 김석수 정귀호(주심)

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