[Plaintiff, Appellee] Kim Sam-jung, Attorneys Moon Jae-in and 2 others
[Defendant, Appellant] Mihwadang Co., Ltd., Attorney Song Gi-bang
[Judgment Below] Busan High Court Decision 92Na8064 rendered on January 21, 1993
[Order]
The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.
[Reasoning]
The grounds of appeal are examined.
1. As to Ground of Appeal No. 1
A transfer or reassignment of an employee, in principle, falls within the authority of the employer as the holder of personnel authority, and therefore considerable discretion must be recognized in the employer within the scope necessary for business purposes; however, such a measure shall not be permitted where special circumstances exist, such as where it violates Article 27(1) or Article 105 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constitutes an abuse of rights (see this Court's Decisions 90Daka27389 rendered on February 22, 1991, and 91Nu5204 rendered on January 21, 1992).
According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: that the Plaintiff joined the Defendant company on August 16, 1984 and began working in the Credit Sales Section of the Credit Sales Department, and, except for the one-year period during which he served as a full-time union president after being elected chairman of the labor union, continued to work only in the Credit Sales Section until the transfer order at issue in this case was given; that while working in the said Credit Sales Section, the Plaintiff contributed greatly to preventing loss to the company by detecting, around January 1986, the theft and unlawful use of the Defendant company's corporate credit card by a certain non-party 1, an employee of the same section, and by detecting, on three occasions between around December 1988 and October 1990, the embezzlement of card payments by employees of the same section; that meanwhile, a labor union was formed at the Defendant company on August 19, 1987, and the Plaintiff, after being elected as the union's first chairman, served as chairman of the union through two consecutive terms until August 31, 1990; that while serving as union chairman, the Plaintiff, around December 5, 1989, diligently engaged in union activities, including filing a petition with the Ministry of Labor on the ground that the Defendant company had failed to disclose the details of the expenditure of money deducted at the rate of 1% from the wages of all employees under the name of employee association dues, and filing a criminal complaint with the prosecution alleging embezzlement of employees' national savings funds; that on September 1 of the same year, through collective bargaining with the Defendant company, the Plaintiff obtained the right to full-time union leave for the union chairman, and served as a full-time union officer until the expiration of his term; that as the union's activities thus became more vigorous, the Defendant company transferred union auditor Ko Yeong-gwon from department store duty to supermarket duty on October 7 of the same year, and union delegate Park Yo-an likewise on November 4 of the same year, both of which transfers were regarded within the Defendant company as demotions, such that the two persons submitted their resignations; that subsequently, on December 11 of the same year, the Defendant company issued transfer orders assigning union secretary Lee Gwang-ju and union welfare director Yun Cheol-yun to supermarket duty, but when the union filed a petition for relief from unfair labor practices, the Defendant company reinstated the two persons to their original positions during the course of the hearing on that case; that thereafter, in order to prevent such unjust personnel measures, the 1990 collective agreement provided for an agreement between the Defendant company and the union that, with respect to union bargaining committee members, their expertise would be respected and they would not be transferred to departments or positions in which they could not fully exercise their work capabilities or to positions below their rank, and that no disadvantage would be given in promotion where there was no defect in their personnel evaluation; that meanwhile, upon completion of the Plaintiff's full-time term as union chairman, the Defendant company reinstated the Plaintiff to his original position in the Credit Sales Section of the Credit Sales Department, and the Plaintiff, with the company's approval, even enrolled at the Korea National Open University on January 20, 1991 (a university requiring attendance at classes for a set period each year, with a change of the attendance-class location from a regional area to Seoul being possible only after five or more registrations); that on June 26, 1991, without any prior consultation, the Defendant company notified the Plaintiff that, effective June 27 of the same month, he would be promoted to assistant manager and simultaneously transferred to the Defendant company's Seoul Business Headquarters, to which the Plaintiff had no connection whatsoever; that when the Plaintiff refused the said transfer order and failed to report for work at the Seoul Business Headquarters, the Defendant company disciplinarily dismissed the Plaintiff on July 29 of the same year on the ground of unauthorized absence for five or more days; that at the time, the Defendant company's Mihwadang Department Store Credit Sales Department, in preparing its 1991 business plan, reported to its superiors that, in order to expand credit card membership and secure the necessary customer management personnel, it needed to hire 11 additional persons—6 male and 5 female employees—in addition to the then-existing 14 employees; that on June 13 of the same year, before transferring the Plaintiff, the Defendant company placed a newspaper advertisement seeking to hire experienced employees holding at least a junior college degree with three or more years of experience in the credit sales field, and on October 18 of the same year, after issuing the transfer order to the Plaintiff, placed another newspaper advertisement seeking to hire persons experienced in receivables management; that, by contrast, the Defendant company's Seoul Business Headquarters had, until around April 1991, operated four supermarkets under its jurisdiction—the Gaepo, Anyang, Bucheon, and Hwasin branches—but due to poor business performance had progressively downsized its operations, closing the Bucheon and Hwasin branches around September of the same year, and reducing its staff from 9 to 6 persons by around February 1992. Based on the foregoing findings, and in light of all the circumstances revealed in the pleadings of this case—including the Plaintiff's department of work and work attitude from the time of his employment until the transfer order, his place of residence and personal ties, his record of activities as union chairman, the unjust personnel measures previously taken by the company against union officers, the difference in business between the Defendant company's department store and supermarket operations, and further the need for additional personnel in the department store's Credit Sales Department as against the contrasting downsizing of business and personnel at the Seoul Business Headquarters—the court below determined that the Defendant company's transfer order against the Plaintiff was a measure taken by the Defendant, who harbored aversion toward the Plaintiff on account of his vigorous activities as union chairman, in order to induce the Plaintiff to resign voluntarily, and that it therefore lacked justifiable grounds and was accordingly void as a matter of course.
Upon examination of the record, the above fact-finding and determination of the court below are proper, and there is no illegality therein, such as a misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence or a misapprehension of law, as alleged in the argument. This ground of appeal is without merit.
2. As to Ground of Appeal No. 2
The court below, based on the evidence adduced, found the following facts: that upon receiving notice of the transfer from the Defendant on June 26, 1991, the Plaintiff immediately submitted to the General Affairs Section of the Defendant company's Department Store Business Division an application for annual leave covering the period from June 27 of the same year to July 11, 1991; that thereafter, in protest of the transfer disposition, the Plaintiff, even after his annual leave had ended, failed to report for work at the Seoul Business Headquarters and instead reported to his former place of work, Mihwadang Department Store (during this period, the Plaintiff filed the instant lawsuit); that the Defendant company thereupon referred the Plaintiff to the disciplinary committee on the ground of unauthorized absence, and although the Plaintiff argued before the disciplinary committee that his absence did not constitute unauthorized absence, as it was due to his refusal of the unjust transfer order and his reporting to his former place of work, the committee rejected this argument and disciplinarily dismissed him; and that the Defendant company's rules of employment provide for six types of disciplinary measures: dismissal, suspension, transfer, wage reduction, reprimand, and warning. Upon examination of the record, the above fact-finding of the court below is proper, and there is no illegality of misapprehension of facts due to a violation of the rules of evidence, as alleged in the argument. Furthermore, if the Plaintiff was absent from work as a means of protesting or demanding correction of an unjust transfer, such absence, unlike ordinary unauthorized absence, cannot be regarded as misconduct of such a degree as to render it manifestly unjust to continue the employment relationship between the Plaintiff and Defendant. Accordingly, considering all the circumstances, including the grounds and circumstances of the unauthorized absence as found by the court below and the Plaintiff's degree of contribution to the Defendant company, the determination of the court below that the disciplinary dismissal in this case constitutes an abuse of the right to discipline or is contrary to the principle of equity and is therefore void is correct, and there is no illegality of misapprehension of law therein, as alleged in the argument. This ground of appeal is likewise without merit.
3. As to Ground of Appeal No. 3
According to the record, it is recognized that the Plaintiff has taken employment as a manager at the Yeonsan Sales Office of Hyundai Marine & Fire Insurance Co., Ltd.; however, since a considerable period of time would elapse before a final judgment is rendered enabling the Plaintiff to be reinstated by means of this lawsuit, and since it can be fully recognized that the Plaintiff, as the head of household supporting his wife and two children, would suffer great economic and mental hardship if he were to remain without employment during that period, it is difficult, in light of these circumstances, to conclude that the Plaintiff, situated as he was, lacked any intention to be reinstated merely because he took employment with an insurance company.
Accordingly, the Defendant's argument asserting insufficient deliberation as to the existence of the benefit of bringing this lawsuit, premised on the Plaintiff's alleged lack of intention to return to his original position, is without merit, without any need to further examine the remaining points. This ground of appeal is likewise without merit.
4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.
Justice Kim Ju-han (Presiding Justice), Bae Man-un, Kim Seok-su, Jeong Gwi-ho (Justice in Charge)