Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2007다82059

Claim for Reimbursement (구상금)구상금

Decided2010. 05. 13. Court대법원Appeal dismissed — the lower court's ruling limiting the reimbursement claim to the third party's proportionate share of fault was upheld.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case arose from an industrial accident (산재) in which a worker fell from a crane's passenger lift device during a construction project. The Supreme Court ruled that the main contractor (도급인) who ordered the construction work also bears a duty to ensure safety measures for the employees of its subcontractor (수급인), not just its own employees. It further held that when the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단) exercises its right of reimbursement (구상권) against a third party, it must first deduct the portion of fault attributable to the insured party (the subcontractor) before claiming against that third party.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA subcontractor's worker fell from a mobile crane's passenger lift device during construction, resulting in an industrial accident (산재).
  • OutcomeThe court held that the main contractor also owed a safety duty to the subcontractor's workers, but the welfare agency's reimbursement claim against the third party must be reduced by the insured party's own share of fault.
  • LessonMain contractors must ensure safety measures cover all workers on site, including subcontracted employees, and reimbursement claims following industrial accidents are apportioned according to each party's degree of fault.
Issues
  • The specific scope of a construction project's main contractor's (도급인) duty to implement industrial accident prevention measures for its subcontractor's (수급인) employees
  • The extent to which the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단) may exercise its right of reimbursement (구상권) against a third party when an industrial accident results from joint tortious conduct (공동불법행위)
Key reasoning

Under Korean law, a main contractor (도급인) using mobile cranes on a construction site must ensure proper safety measures, including installing a dedicated passenger lift device and fall-prevention equipment, and this duty extends to protecting workers employed by subcontractors (수급인), not just the contractor's own staff. In cases of joint tort (공동불법행위) where multiple parties' negligence causes an industrial accident, each wrongdoer is jointly and severally liable for the full damages to the injured worker. However, when it comes to internal reimbursement claims between the parties, liability must be apportioned according to each party's relative degree of fault. Therefore, when the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단) pays compensation and then seeks reimbursement from a third party responsible for the accident, it can only claim the portion of damages corresponding to that third party's share of fault, excluding the portion attributable to the insured subcontractor's own negligence.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] According to Article 29(2) and (1) of the former Industrial Safety and Health Act (산업안전보건법) (before amendment by Act No. 9434 of Feb. 6, 2009) and Article 26 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act, a contractor of a construction project, as a business owner, must take the safety measures for the prevention of industrial accidents prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor when workers employed by its subcontractor perform work at a place where there is a risk of industrial accidents as prescribed by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor. Furthermore, considering comprehensively the provisions of Article 30(5) and (6) of the Enforcement Rule of the same Act (시행규칙) (before amendment by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 330 of Aug. 7, 2009) and Articles 7-2, 129, and 130 of the former Regulation on Industrial Safety Standards (산업안전기준에 관한 규칙) (before amendment by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 264 of Dec. 30, 2006), a business owner must not have workers engage in work while being transported by, or hoisted up on, a mobile crane; provided, however, that where it is unavoidable due to the nature of the work or where it is necessary for the safe performance of the work, the business owner may install a dedicated riding device on the lifting apparatus of the mobile crane and allow workers to ride in such riding device, and even in such cases, the business owner must take fall-prevention measures, such as taking necessary measures to prevent the riding device from overturning or falling, installing a safety belt and lifeline, and, where the structure allows for the installation of a safety handrail, installing a safety handrail including an intermediate rail.

[2] Where an industrial accident occurs due to the joint tortious acts of an insured person and a third party, in light of the principle of good faith and the ideal of judicial economy aimed at preventing circular indemnity litigation, the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (근로복지공단) may not seek reimbursement from the third party for the amount corresponding to the insured person's percentage of fault. Specifically, the amount corresponding to the insured person's percentage of fault shall be deducted from the amount of insurance benefits, out of the amount of damages to be compensated to the injured worker (provided that, since the amount that may be sought in reimbursement is limited to whichever is smaller between the amount of insurance benefits and the amount of damages, where the injured worker's amount of damages is smaller than the amount of insurance benefits, the amount corresponding to the insured person's percentage of fault must be deducted from that amount of damages), and only where a difference remains may reimbursement be sought from the third party, and only for that difference.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,588 chars

[Party Bringing Appeal, Appellant and Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service
[Defendant, Appellee] Defendant 1
[Defendant, Appellee and Appellant] Hanwha General Insurance Co., Ltd. (Attorneys of Law Firm Somyeong, in charge: Kyung Su-geun and 5 others)
[Judgment Below] Daejeon High Court Decision 2007Na5760 decided October 24, 2007

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed. The costs of appeal shall be borne by each appellant.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. As to the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal

Under Article 29(2) and (1) of the former Industrial Safety and Health Act (산업안전보건법, before amendment by Act No. 9434 on February 6, 2009, hereinafter the "former Industrial Safety and Health Act") and Article 26 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act, a contractor of a construction project, as a business owner, must take measures prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor for the prevention of industrial accidents when workers employed by its subcontractor perform work in places prescribed by the Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor as involving a risk of occurrence of industrial accidents. Furthermore, considering comprehensively Article 30(5) and (6) of the Enforcement Rule of the same Act (before amendment by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 330 on August 7, 2009), and Articles 7-2, 129, and 130 of the former Regulation on Industrial Safety Standards (산업안전기준에관한규칙, before amendment by Ordinance of the Ministry of Labor No. 264 on December 30, 2006), a business owner must not have workers engage in work while being transported by a mobile crane or while being hoisted up by a mobile crane; provided, however, that only where it is unavoidable due to the nature of the work or necessary for the safe performance of the work may the business owner install a dedicated boarding facility on the lifting device of the mobile crane and allow workers to board such boarding facility, and even in such cases, the business owner must take measures necessary to prevent the boarding facility from overturning or falling, install safety belts and lifelines, and, where the structure allows for the installation of a safety handrail, take fall-prevention measures such as installing a safety handrail including an intermediate rail.

Meanwhile, where an industrial accident occurs due to the joint tortious conduct of an insured person and a third party, in light of the principle of good faith and the ideal of procedural economy aimed at preventing circular indemnity litigation, the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service may not seek indemnity from the third party for the amount corresponding to the insured person's negligence ratio. Specifically, the amount corresponding to the insured person's negligence ratio, out of the damages to be compensated to the injured worker, must be deducted from the insurance benefit amount (provided that, since the amount that can be sought by way of indemnity is limited to whichever is smaller between the insurance benefit amount and the amount of damages, where the injured worker's damages are less than the insurance benefit amount, the amount corresponding to the insured person's negligence ratio must be deducted from such damages), and indemnity may be sought from the third party only for the resulting difference, if any (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 2000Da62322 decided March 21, 2002).

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it adopted, found the following facts: that the gondola, which was the boarding facility involved in the accident in this case, was not properly equipped with a fall-prevention device; that Nonparty 1 Co., Ltd., which was the insured person under the former Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법, before amendment by Act No. 7049 on December 31, 2003, hereinafter the "former Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act") and the business owner under the former Industrial Safety and Health Act with respect to the construction project in this case, had workers perform the work without checking whether the hook-release device of the crane in this case was functioning properly and whether the gondola attached to the crane in this case was safe, and without installing, when necessary, a safety net, a fall-prevention device, a safety handrail, and the like to prepare against fall accidents. Based on these findings, the court below determined that the accident in this case occurred due to the combination of the aforementioned fault of Nonparty 1 Co., Ltd. with the fault of Defendant 1, the operator of the crane in this case, and of Nonparty 2 Co., Ltd., his employer, and, in calculating the amount of damages to be compensated by the Defendants, deducted the amount corresponding to Nonparty 1 Co., Ltd.'s negligence ratio.

Examining the reasoning of the judgment below in light of the legal principles set forth above, the above determination by the court below is justifiable and may be upheld, and it cannot be said that there was any error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the contractor's liability or the deduction of the insured person's negligence ratio, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

2. As to Defendant Hanwha General Insurance Co., Ltd.'s grounds of appeal

A. As to the first ground of appeal

The determination of the negligence ratio in a damages lawsuit falls within the exclusive authority of the court of fact-finding, unless it is manifestly unreasonable in light of the principle of equity (see Supreme Court Decision 91Da22148 decided November 12, 1991).

Examining the various circumstances surrounding the accident in this case as revealed in the record in light of the above legal principles, the court below's assessment of the negligence ratio is justifiable and may be upheld, and it cannot be said that there was any error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the calculation of the negligence ratio, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

B. As to the second ground of appeal

The scope of liability for damages arising from joint tortious conduct must be determined by comprehensively evaluating together the conduct of all the tortfeasors in relation to the victim, and each tortfeasor bears liability for the entire amount of such damages (see Supreme Court Decision 2005Da32999 decided June 14, 2007).

In this case, where there is no evidence whatsoever that Nonparty 2 Co., Ltd. was an insured person under the former Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, the court below, premising its determination on the above legal principle, recognized Nonparty 2 Co., Ltd. as bearing joint tortious liability as an independent subject of liability, and calculated the amount of damages to be compensated by the said Defendant without aggregating its negligence with that of Nonparty 1 Co., Ltd., the insured person. Such measure by the court below may be upheld, and it cannot be said that there was any error in the judgment below, such as a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the deduction of the negligence ratio, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

3. Conclusion

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by each appellant. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous consent of the Justices involved.

Justice Shin Young-cheol (Presiding Justice), Park Si-hwan, Ahn Dae-hee (Justice in Charge), Cha Han-sung

【판결요지】

[1] 구 산업안전보건법(2009. 2. 6. 법률 제9434호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제29조 제2항, 제1항, 같은 법 시행령 제26조에 의하면, 건설공사의 도급인은 사업주로서 그 수급인이 사용하는 근로자가 노동부령이 정하는 산업재해 발생위험이 있는 장소에서 작업을 할 때에는 노동부령이 정하는 산업재해예방을 위한 조치를 취하여야 한다. 나아가 같은 법 시행규칙(2009. 8. 7. 노동부령 제330호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제30조 제5항, 제6항, 구 산업안전기준에 관한 규칙(2006. 12. 30. 노동부령 제264호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제7조의2, 제129조, 제130조 등의 규정을 종합하면, 사업주는 이동식 크레인에 의하여 근로자를 운반하거나 근로자를 달아 올린 상태에서 작업에 종사시켜서는 아니 되고, 다만 작업의 성질상 부득이한 때 또는 안전한 작업수행상 필요한 때에 한하여 이동식 크레인의 달기구에 전용 탑승설비를 설치하여 그 탑승설비에 근로자를 탑승시킬 수 있으며, 이러한 경우에도 탑승설비가 뒤집히거나 떨어지지 아니하도록 필요한 조치를 하고, 안전대 및 구명줄을 설치하며, 안전난간의 설치가 가능한 구조인 경우에는 중간난간대를 포함한 안전난간을 설치하는 등의 추락방지조치를 취하여야 한다.

[2] 산업재해가 보험가입자와 제3자의 공동불법행위로 인하여 발생한 경우 순환적인 구상소송의 방지라는 소송경제의 이념과 신의칙에 비추어 근로복지공단은 제3자에 대하여 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액은 구상할 수 없고, 구체적으로는 피해 근로자가 배상받을 손해액 중 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액을 보험급여액에서 공제하고(다만 구상할 수 있는 금액은 보험급여액과 손해액 중 적은 것을 한도로 하므로, 피해 근로자의 손해액이 보험급여액보다 적은 경우에는 그 손해액에서 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액을 공제하여야 한다) 차액이 있는 경우에 한하여 그 차액에 대하여만 제3자에게 구상할 수 있다.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 산업안전보건법(2009. 2. 6. 법률 제9434호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제29조 제1항(현행 제29조 제1항 참조), 제2항(현행 제29조 제2항 참조), 구 산업안전보건법 시행령 제26조, 구 산업안전보건법 시행규칙(2009. 8. 7. 노동부령 제330호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제30조 제5항(현행 제30조 제5항 참조), 제6항(현행 제30조 제6항 참조), 구 산업안전기준에 관한 규칙(2006. 12. 30. 노동부령 제264호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제7조의2(현행 제7조의2 참조), 제8조(현행 제8조 참조), 제129조(현행 제129조 참조), 제130조(현행 제130조 참조)

[2] 구 산업재해보상보험법(2003. 12. 31. 법률 제7049호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제54조 제1항(현행 제87조 제1항 참조), 제55조의2(현행 제89조 참조)

【참조판례】

[2] 대법원 2002. 3. 21. 선고 2000다62322 전원합의체 판결(공2002하, 1317)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,785자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인 겸 피상고인】 근로복지공단

【피고, 피상고인】 피고 1

【피고, 피상고인 겸 상고인】 한화손해보험 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 소명 담당변호사 경수근외 5인)

【원심판결】 대전고법 2007. 10. 24. 선고 2007나5760 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다. 상고비용은 상고인 각자가 부담한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 판단한다.

1. 원고의 상고이유에 관하여

구 산업안전보건법(2009. 2. 6. 법률 제9434호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 산업안전보건법’이라고 한다) 제29조 제2항, 제1항, 같은 법 시행령 제26조에 의하면, 건설공사의 도급인은 사업주로서 그 수급인이 사용하는 근로자가 노동부령이 정하는 산업재해 발생위험이 있는 장소에서 작업을 할 때에는 노동부령이 정하는 산업재해예방을 위한 조치를 취하여야 한다. 나아가 같은 법 시행규칙(2009. 8. 7. 노동부령 제330호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제30조 제5항, 제6항, 구 산업안전기준에 관한 규칙(2006. 12. 30. 노동부령 제264호로 개정되기 전의 것) 제7조의2, 제129조, 제130조 등의 규정을 종합하면, 사업주는 이동식 크레인에 의하여 근로자를 운반하거나 근로자를 달아 올린 상태에서 작업에 종사시켜서는 아니 되고, 다만 작업의 성질상 부득이한 때 또는 안전한 작업수행상 필요한 때에 한하여 이동식 크레인의 달기구에 전용 탑승설비를 설치하여 그 탑승설비에 근로자를 탑승시킬 수 있으며, 이러한 경우에도 탑승설비가 뒤집히거나 떨어지지 아니하도록 필요한 조치를 하고, 안전대 및 구명줄을 설치하며, 안전난간의 설치가 가능한 구조인 경우에는 중간난간대를 포함한 안전난간을 설치하는 등의 추락방지조치를 취하여야 한다.

한편 산업재해가 보험가입자와 제3자의 공동불법행위로 인하여 발생한 경우 순환적인 구상소송의 방지라는 소송경제의 이념과 신의칙에 비추어 근로복지공단은 제3자에 대하여 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액은 구상할 수 없고, 구체적으로는 피해 근로자가 배상받을 손해액 중 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액을 보험급여액에서 공제하고(다만 구상할 수 있는 금액은 보험급여액과 손해액 중 적은 것을 한도로 하므로, 피해 근로자의 손해액이 보험급여액보다 적은 경우에는 그 손해액에서 보험가입자의 과실 비율 상당액을 공제하여야 한다) 차액이 있는 경우에 한하여 그 차액에 대하여만 제3자에게 구상할 수 있다(대법원 2002. 3. 21. 선고 2000다62322 전원합의체 판결 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 그 채용증거를 종합하여, 이 사건 사고가 발생한 탑승설비인 곤돌라(gondola)에 추락방지장치가 제대로 마련되어 있지 않았던 사실, 이 사건 공사에 관하여 구 산업재해보상보험법(2003. 12. 31. 법률 제7049호로 개정되기 전의 것, 이하 ‘구 산재보험법’이라고 한다)상 보험가입자이자 구 산업안전보건법상 사업주인 소외 1 주식회사는 이 사건 기중기의 후크해지장치가 제대로 작동하는지, 이 사건 기중기에 매다는 곤돌라가 안전한지 여부를 확인하고 필요시 추락 사고에 대비한 안전망, 추락방지장치, 안전난간대 등을 설치해야 함에도 이를 확인·설치하지 않은 채 작업을 시킨 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 이 사건 사고는 소외 1 주식회사의 위와 같은 잘못에 이 사건 기중기 운전자인 피고 1과 그 사용자인 소외 2 주식회사의 잘못이 경합하여 발생하였다고 판단하면서 피고들의 손해배상액을 산정함에 있어서 소외 1 주식회사의 과실비율에 해당하는 금원을 공제하였다.

위와 같은 법리에 비추어 원심판결 이유를 살펴보면, 원심의 위와 같은 판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 바와 같은 도급인의 책임이나 보험가입자의 과실비율 공제에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

2. 피고 한화손해보험 주식회사의 상고이유에 관하여

가. 상고이유 제1점에 관하여

손해배상소송에 있어서의 과실 비율의 인정은 그것이 형평의 원칙에 비추어 현저히 불합리하지 아니하는 한 사실심법원의 전권사항에 속한다(대법원 1991. 11. 12. 선고 91다22148 판결 참조).

위와 같은 법리에 비추어 기록에 나타난 이 사건 사고 당시의 제반 정황을 살펴보면, 원심의 과실비율 평가는 정당한 것으로 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 바와 같은 과실비율 산정에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

나. 상고이유 제2점에 관하여

공동불법행위로 인한 손해배상책임의 범위는 피해자에 대한 관계에서 가해자들 전원의 행위를 전체적으로 함께 평가하여 정하여야 하고, 그 손해배상액에 대하여는 가해자 각자가 그 금액의 전부에 대한 책임을 부담하는 것이다(대법원 2007. 6. 14. 선고 2005다32999 판결 참조).

원심이 위와 같은 법리를 전제로 하여, 소외 2 주식회사가 구 산재보험법상의 보험가입자라는 자료가 전혀 없는 이 사건에서 소외 2 주식회사를 독립된 책임주체로서 공동불법행위책임을 부담하는 것으로 인정하여 그의 과실을 보험가입자인 소외 1 주식회사 측의 과실에 합산하지 아니하고 위 피고에 대한 손해배상액을 산정한 조치는 수긍할 수 있고, 거기에 상고이유에서 주장하는 바와 같은 과실비율의 공제에 관한 법리오해 등의 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다.

3. 결론

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 상고인 각자가 부담하기로 하여 관여 대법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 신영철(재판장) 박시환 안대희(주심) 차한성

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