Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 96누4220

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Practice (부당노동행위구제재심판정취소)부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided1997. 03. 28. Court대법원Employer won (case reversed and remanded in favor of the employer/company)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A labor union chairman applied for annual/monthly paid leave (연·월차휴가) without specifying the exact dates of use, and was subsequently absent from work without approval for 11 days. The Supreme Court ruled that since the leave application was defective (failing to specify a definite period), it had no legal effect, meaning the absences were unauthorized absences (무단결근) rather than approved leave. Consequently, the suspension (정직) imposed by the employer was found to be a legitimate disciplinary action, not an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA union chairman applied for annual/monthly leave without specifying the exact dates and was then absent from work without approval for 11 days.
  • OutcomeThe court ruled that since the leave application failed to specify a definite period, it was invalid, making the absences unauthorized; therefore, the suspension imposed by the employer was a valid disciplinary measure.
  • LessonWhen applying for annual or monthly leave, employees must clearly specify the exact start and end dates for the leave to be considered a valid and effective application.
Issues
  • Whether an application for annual/monthly paid leave that does not specify the type and period of leave is legally valid
  • Whether a disciplinary action can still constitute an unfair labor practice when there are legitimate grounds for discipline
  • Whether disciplinary action for absences following a defective leave application made in connection with union activities is lawful
Key reasoning

Under Korean labor law, for an employee's right to annual or monthly paid leave to become concrete and effective, the employee must specify which type of leave they are using and the exact start and end dates. A leave application that fails to specify this period is legally defective and therefore invalid, meaning no leave is deemed to have been granted. As a result, an employee's absence following such an invalid application constitutes unauthorized absence from work, not authorized leave. Since the employer's disciplinary action was based on legitimate grounds unrelated to union activity, it did not constitute an unfair labor practice, even though the employee held a union leadership position.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1]
Under the provisions of Article 47 and Article 48 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 30 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act (같은법시행령), the requirements for the accrual of annual and monthly paid leave differ from each other; monthly paid leave may, at the free will of the employee, be accumulated and used or divided and used only within one year, whereas annual paid leave must be granted at the time requested by the employee, provided that where granting the paid leave at the time requested by the employee would cause serious disruption to business operations, the employer may change that time; and annual paid leave, if not exercised within one year, is extinguished unless the failure to use it is attributable to the employer. Even though the right to annual/monthly leave arises as a matter of course once the statutory requirements under the Labor Standards Act are satisfied, in order to concretize the leave right that has thus arisen, the employee must exercise the right to designate the timing (時期指定權) entrusted to him or her and specify which leave is to be used, and from when to when it is to be used. If the employee exercises the right to designate the timing without making such specification, this cannot be regarded as a lawful designation of timing, and it cannot take effect; and in such a case, the employer's exercise of the right to change the timing (時期變更權), which presupposes a lawful designation of the leave timing, is not required.

[2]
Whether an employer, contrary to the disciplinary grounds ostensibly asserted, has in substance imposed a disciplinary measure such as dismissal on account of the employee's legitimate union activities, etc., must be determined comprehensively by comparing and examining all the circumstances from which an intent to commit an unfair labor practice may be inferred, including the content of the disciplinary grounds asserted by the employer and of the labor union activities, etc. engaged in by the employee, the timing of the disciplinary measure, the procedures taken by the employer up to the disciplinary measure, any imbalance in sanctions imposed in similar cases, and the relationship between the employer and the labor union. The mere fact that there was a defect in the disciplinary procedure or that the disciplinary measure was excessive may serve as one piece of material for determining whether there was an intent to commit an unfair labor practice, but such circumstances alone cannot immediately establish an unfair labor practice. In particular, where a disciplinary measure or other adverse action against an employee, including dismissal, is found to have justifiable grounds, even if there are traces that the employer viewed the employee's union activities with displeasure, or even if an anti-union intent on the part of the employer is inferred, the disciplinary grounds, etc. in question cannot be said to be merely a pretext on the surface, and therefore such adverse action cannot be held to constitute an unfair labor practice.

[3]
In a case where an employee, who worked as an agricultural guidance officer at a regional agricultural cooperative (단위농업협동조합) and had been active as the chairperson of the "Gyeonggi-do Regional Labor Union of the Agricultural Cooperative, National Federation of Financial Labor Unions" (전국금융노동조합연맹 농업협동조합 경기도지역노동조합), submitted an application for annual/monthly leave without specifying the type or duration, for the purpose of participating, together with other union members, in a sit-in protest at the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (농협중앙회) aimed at securing collective bargaining and a meeting with the president of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, who was not a proper party to bargaining, and where the head of the regional agricultural cooperative disapproved the application on the ground that it was the busy farming season and instructed the employee to report to work, but the employee failed to comply and did not report to work for eleven days, which was treated as unauthorized absence, resulting in a disciplinary measure of suspension from duty being imposed on the employee: the court held that the suspension disposition against the employee was justified in light of the circumstances surrounding the disposition, the content and degree of the participant's misconduct, and the participant's conduct during the course of the misconduct, and therefore could not be held to constitute an unfair labor practice.

Full text (English, AI translation) 12,331 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Gimpo Agricultural Cooperative (Attorney Lee Bong-gu, Counsel for the Plaintiff)

[Defendant, Appellee] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission

[Intervenor for Defendant]

[Judgment Below]

Seoul High Court Judgment, rendered on January 25, 1996, Case No. 94Gu18340

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

The grounds of appeal are examined.

1. On the legality of the application for annual/monthly paid leave in this case

A. Factual findings and determination of the court below

According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: While acting as the chairman of the "Gyeonggi-do Regional Labor Union of the Agricultural Cooperative, National Federation of Financial Labor Unions," which completed its establishment report on March 10, 1993, the Intervenor for Defendant (hereinafter "the Intervenor"), with the purpose of visiting the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation (Nonghyup Jungang-hoe) directly to arrange a meeting, orally informed the cooperative's president, Non-party ○○○, and its managing director, Non-party Sim Nam-jin, on May 6 of the same year, that he would use leave to meet with the president of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation; that upon hearing this, the said ○○○ and Sim Nam-jin raised no objection whatsoever, but merely advised the Intervenor to refrain from taking extreme actions; that the Intervenor then told Non-party ○○○, an employee of the General Affairs Department, that he had received leave, and first submitted an application for recognized leave, and subsequently submitted an application for annual/monthly paid leave stating May 11, 1993 as the start date of the leave but without stating an end date, requesting that if he failed to report to work on May 11, 1993, the number of days of annual/monthly leave available to him be calculated and entered; that on the afternoon of the same day, the said ○○○ reported this to Sim Nam-jin, who then approved only the recognized leave, and directed that since the period of the annual/monthly leave application was not specified, and since it could not be permitted for the Intervenor, who was an agricultural guidance officer, to take leave for an extended period during the busy farming season, the application should be disapproved and the Intervenor notified accordingly; that on May 11 of the same month, the Head of the General Affairs Department, Non-party ○○○, notified the Intervenor that the annual/monthly leave had been disapproved and directed him to report to work; that thereafter, directors of the Plaintiff cooperative visited the site on several occasions where the Intervenor was staging a sit-in demanding a meeting with the president of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, and urged him to report to work, but the Intervenor did not comply and reported to work only on May 22; that the Plaintiff, through a resolution of its personnel committee on June 3 of the same year, found that the Intervenor had been absent from work without leave from May 11 to May 21 of the same year, and on this ground imposed upon the Intervenor, effective June 24 of the same year, a disciplinary sanction of suspension for an indefinite period. Having found these facts, the court below, citing the circumstances stated in its reasoning, determined that it was difficult to find that the Plaintiff cooperative's business operations would be seriously impeded merely because the Intervenor, in his capacity as an agricultural guidance officer, took annual/monthly leave during the rice-planting season, and accordingly held that the Plaintiff cooperative's disapproval of the Intervenor's application for annual/monthly leave could not be regarded as a legitimate exercise of the right to change the timing of leave, and therefore that the Intervenor's use of the 11 days of annual/monthly leave available to him regardless of the Plaintiff cooperative's approval could not constitute unauthorized absence.

B. Judgment of this Court

However, according to the provisions of Articles 47 and 48 of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and Article 30 of the Enforcement Decree of the same Act, the requirements for the accrual of monthly and annual paid leave differ from each other; monthly paid leave may, at the free will of the worker, be accumulated and used, or divided and used, within a period limited to one year, whereas annual paid leave must be granted at the time requested by the worker, provided that, where granting paid leave at the time requested by the worker would seriously impede business operations, the employer may change the timing thereof; and annual paid leave, if not exercised within one year, is extinguished unless it was not used due to a cause attributable to the employer. From this it can be seen that, even though the right to annual/monthly leave arises as a matter of course when the requirements for accrual under the Labor Standards Act are satisfied, in order to give concrete effect to the leave right thus accrued, the worker must exercise his right to designate the timing (시기지정권) vested in him and specify which leave he intends to use and for what period, from when to when; and if the worker exercises the right to designate the timing without making such specification, this cannot be considered a lawful designation of timing, and accordingly cannot take effect; and in such a case, the employer's exercise of the right to change the timing (시기변경권), which presupposes a lawful designation of leave timing, is likewise unnecessary.

Given the facts as found by the court below, the Intervenor's application for annual/monthly leave as set out above did not specify from when to when the monthly leave and the annual leave, respectively, were to be used, and therefore cannot be regarded as a lawful designation of timing, and accordingly cannot take effect. Consequently, the Intervenor's act of submitting an unlawful application for annual/monthly leave and thereafter failing to report to work at the Plaintiff cooperative without the Plaintiff's approval must be regarded as unauthorized absence from work. Nevertheless, the court below, contrary to this, determined that the Intervenor's application for annual/monthly leave was lawful and took effect, and rendered its judgment as set out above. Accordingly, the court below committed an error of law by misapprehending the legal principles concerning the right to annual/monthly leave under the Labor Standards Act and the right to designate its timing. The argument pointing out this error is therefore well-founded.

2. On whether an unfair labor practice was established

Where it is found that, notwithstanding the disciplinary grounds ostensibly asserted by the employer in imposing a disciplinary sanction such as dismissal upon a worker, the employer has in substance imposed the disciplinary sanction such as dismissal on the ground of the worker's legitimate union activities, etc., such disciplinary sanction must be regarded as an unfair labor practice (see Supreme Court Judgment 93Nu4595, delivered on December 10, 1993; Supreme Court Judgment 94Nu3940, delivered on August 26, 1994; Supreme Court Judgment 94Nu3001, delivered on December 23, 1994, etc.). However, whether the employer has, in substance, imposed the disciplinary sanction such as dismissal on the ground of the worker's legitimate union activities, etc., notwithstanding the disciplinary grounds ostensibly asserted by the employer, must be determined comprehensively by comparatively examining all the circumstances from which an intent to commit an unfair labor practice may be inferred, including the content of the disciplinary grounds asserted by the employer and of the worker's union activities and other conduct, the timing of the disciplinary sanction, the procedures taken by the employer leading up to the disciplinary sanction, any imbalance in sanctions imposed in similar cases, and the relationship between the employer and the labor union; and the mere fact that there was a defect in the disciplinary procedure or that the disciplinary measure was excessive may serve as one piece of evidence in determining the existence of an intent to commit an unfair labor practice, but such circumstances alone cannot immediately establish an unfair labor practice (see the above Supreme Court Judgments 94Nu3940 and 94Nu3001, etc.). In particular, where it is found that there was a justifiable reason for an adverse disposition, including a disciplinary sanction such as dismissal, imposed upon a worker, then even if there are traces that the employer viewed the worker's union activities with displeasure, or even if an anti-union intent on the part of the employer may be inferred, the disciplinary grounds asserted, etc., cannot be regarded as a mere pretext on the surface, and such adverse disposition cannot be held to constitute an unfair labor practice (see Supreme Court Judgment 95Nu6151, delivered on April 23, 1996; Supreme Court Judgment 96Nu587, delivered on July 30, 1996; Supreme Court Judgment 95Nu16752, delivered on November 15, 1996; Supreme Court Judgment 95Nu18345, delivered on December 20, 1996, etc.).

As seen above, the Intervenor's application for annual/monthly leave in this case was unlawful, and as found by the court below, the Plaintiff notified the Intervenor that his application for annual/monthly leave, in which the leave period was not specified, had been disapproved, and directed him to report to work. Therefore, the Intervenor's failure to report to work at the Plaintiff cooperative from May 11 to May 21, 1993 without obtaining the Plaintiff's approval constitutes unauthorized absence from work. Inasmuch as this misconduct by the Intervenor violated the Plaintiff cooperative's service regulations and falls under a ground for disciplinary action as prescribed in the personnel regulations, the disposition of suspension imposed on the Intervenor on the ground that, notwithstanding the Plaintiff's directive to report to work, the Intervenor, for the purpose of compelling collective bargaining and a meeting with the president of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation—who was not a legitimate bargaining counterpart—staged a sit-in together with other union members at the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation and remained absent from work without authorization, must be regarded as justified in light of the circumstances leading to the disposition, the content and degree of the Intervenor's misconduct, and the Intervenor's conduct in the course of the misconduct. Accordingly, it cannot be held to constitute an unfair labor practice. Moreover, even if the Intervenor's act of seeking a meeting with the president of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation, while acting as the chairman of the aforementioned labor union, could itself be regarded as a union activity, the Intervenor's act of remaining absent from work for an extended period without the Plaintiff's approval, in violation of the Plaintiff cooperative's service regulations, while demanding collective bargaining from a representative of the National Agricultural Cooperative Federation who was not a bargaining counterpart, and staging a collective sit-in, cannot be regarded as constituting legitimate union activity.

Nevertheless, the court below determined that the Intervenor's use of annual/monthly leave from May 11 to May 21, 1993 was legitimate, and further determined, for the reasons stated in its judgment, that the disposition of suspension in this case constituted an unfair labor practice. This constitutes an error of law resulting from a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning legitimate union activity and the establishment of unfair labor practice. The argument pointing out this error is also well-founded.

3. Accordingly, without rendering judgment on the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Lee Yong-hun (Presiding Justice), Justice Park Man-ho, Justice Park Jun-seo (Justice in charge), Justice Kim Hyung-sun

【판결요지】

[1] 근로기준법 제47조, 제48조 및 같은법시행령 제30조의 규정에 의하면 연·월차유급휴가의 발생요건은 서로 상이하고, 월차유급휴가는 근로자의 자유의사로 1년간에 한하여 적치하여 사용하거나 분할하여 사용할 수 있고, 연차유급휴가는 근로자의 청구가 있는 시기에 주어야 하고 다만 근로자의 청구한 시기에 유급휴가를 주는 것이 사업운영에 심대한 지장이 있는 경우에는 사용자가 그 시기를 변경할 수 있고, 연차유급휴가는 1년간 행사하지 아니한 때에는 사용자의 귀책사유로 사용하지 못한 경우가 아닌 한 소멸되는 것임을 알 수 있는바, 연·월차휴가권이 근로기준법상의 성립요건을 충족하는 경우에 당연히 발생하는 것이라고 하여도 그와 같이 발생한 휴가권을 구체화하려면 근로자가 자신에게 맡겨진 시기지정권(時期指定權)을 행사하여 어떤 휴가를, 언제부터 언제까지 사용할 것인지에 관하여 특정하여야 할 것이고, 근로자가 이와 같은 특정을 하지 아니한 채 시기지정권을 행사하더라도 이는 적법한 시기지정이라고 할 수 없어 그 효력이 발생할 수 없으며, 이와 같은 경우에는 적법한 휴가시기 지정이 있음을 전제로 하는 사용자의 시기변경권(時期變更權)의 행사도 필요하지 않다.

[2] 사용자가 표면적으로 내세우는 징계사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자의 정당한 조합활동 등을 이유로 해고 등의 징계처분을 한 것인지 여부는 사용자가 내세우는 징계사유와 근로자가 한 노동조합활동 등의 행위의 내용, 징계처분을 한 시기, 징계처분을 하기까지 사용자가 취한 절차, 동종 사례에 있어서의 제재의 불균형, 사용자와 노동조합과의 관계 등 부당노동행위의사를 추정할 수 있는 제반 사정을 비교·검토하여 종합적으로 판단하여야 하고, 단순히 징계절차에 하자가 있다거나 징계양정이 부당하다는 사정은 그것이 부당노동행위의사 여부를 판단하는 하나의 자료가 되기는 하여도 그러한 사정만으로 곧바로 부당노동행위를 인정할 수는 없으며, 특히 근로자에 대한 해고 등의 징계처분을 포함한 불이익처분에 정당한 이유가 있는 것으로 인정되는 경우에는 비록 사용자가 근로자의 조합활동을 못마땅하게 여긴 흔적이 있다거나 사용자에게 반노동조합의사가 추정된다고 하더라도 당해 징계사유 등이 단순히 표면상의 구실에 불과하다고 할 수는 없어 그와 같은 불이익처분이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 할 수 없다.

[3] 단위농업협동조합의 영농지도사로 근무하면서 '전국금융노동조합연맹 농업협동조합 경기도지역노동조합'의 위원장으로 활동하여 온 근로자가 정당한 교섭당사자도 아닌 농협중앙회장에 대하여 단체교섭 및 면담 요구를 관철할 목적으로 다른 노동조합원들과 함께 농협중앙회에서의 농성에 참가하기 위하여 종류 및 기간이 특정되지 않은 연·월차휴가원을 제출하였으나 단위농업협동조합장이 농번기임을 이유로 불허가처리하고 출근할 것을 지시하였음에도 근로자가 이에 응하지 않고 11일간 출근하지 않자 이를 무단결근으로 보고 그 근로자에 대하여 정직의 징계처분을 한 사안에서, 그 근로자에 대한 정직처분은 그 처분 경위나 참가인의 비위행위의 내용과 정도, 참가인의 비위행위 과정에서의 행태 등에 비추어 정당하므로 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 할 수 없다고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 근로기준법 제47조 , 제48조

[2] 노동조합법 제39조

[3] 노동조합법 제39조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1991. 1. 23. 선고 90도2852 판결(공1991, 907), 대법원 1997. 3. 25. 선고 96다4930 판결(공1997상, 1172) /[2][3] 대법원 1996. 4. 23. 선고 95누6151 판결(1996상, 1609) /[2] 대법원 1993. 12. 10. 선고 93누4595 판결(공1994상, 371), 대법원 1994. 8. 26. 선고 94누3940 판결(공1994하, 2549), 대법원 1994. 12. 23. 선고 94누3001 판결(공1995상, 691), 대법원 1996. 7. 30. 선고 96누587 판결(공1996하, 2703), 대법원 1996. 12. 20. 선고 95누18345 판결(공1997상, 405) /[3] 대법원 1990. 5. 15. 선고 90도357 판결(공1990, 1306), 대법원 1992. 3. 13. 선고 91누5020 판결(공1992, 1319), 대법원 1995. 4. 28. 선고 94누11583 판결(공1995상, 1990)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,477자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고,상고인】 김포농업협동조합 (소송대리인 변호사 이봉구)

【피고,피상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인】

【원심판결】 서울고법 1996. 1. 25. 선고 94구18340 판결

【주문】

원심판결을 파기하고 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 이 사건 연·월차휴가신청의 적법 여부에 관하여

가. 원심의 사실인정과 판단

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고보조참가인(이하 참가인이라 한다)이 1993. 3. 10. 설립신고를 마친 '전국금융노동조합연맹 농업협동조합 경기도지역노동조합'의 위원장으로 활동하여 오면서 농협중앙회에 직접 찾아가 면담을 이루어 낼 목적으로 같은 해 5. 6. 원고 조합의 조합장인 소외 ○○○과 전무인 소외 심남진에게 구두로 농협중앙회장을 면담하기 위하여 휴가를 사용한다는 사실을 알리자 위 ○○○과 위 심남진은 이에 대하여 아무런 이의도 제기하지 아니한 채 과격한 행동을 삼가하라는 취지로 충고만 하였고, 참가인은 총무부 직원 소외 ○○○에게 휴가를 받았다고 하면서 인정휴가원을 먼저 제출한 다음 휴가시작일은 1993. 5. 11.로 기재되어 있으나 휴가종료일이 기재되지 아니한 연·월차휴가원을 제출하면서 1993. 5. 11. 출근하지 못하면 참가인이 사용할 수 있는 연·월차휴가일을 계산하여 기입하여 달라고 부탁하자 같은 날 오후경 위 ○○○은 이를 위 심남진에게 보고하여 위 심남진이 인정휴가만 허가하고, 연·월차휴가원은 휴가기간이 명시되지 아니하였고 농번기에 영농지도사인 참가인이 장기간 휴가를 사용하는 것은 허용할 수 없으니 불허가처리하고 이를 참가인에게 통보하라고 지시하여 같은 달 11. 총무부장 소외 ○○○이 연·월차휴가가 불허가되었음을 참가인에게 통보하면서 출근할 것을 지시하였고, 그 후 수차례 원고 조합의 이사들이 참가인이 농협중앙회장의 면담을 요구하면서 농성을 하고 있는 현장을 방문하여 출근을 촉구하였으나 참가인은 이에 응하지 않고 같은 달 22. 출근하자 원고는 같은 해 6. 3. 인사위원회의 의결을 거쳐 참가인이 같은 해 5. 11.부터 같은 달 21.까지 사이에 무단결근하였다는 것을 비위사실로 하여 이를 이유로 참가인에 대하여 같은 해 6. 24.부터 무기한 정직에 처하는 징계처분을 한 사실을 인정한 다음 그 판시와 같은 사정을 들어 참가인이 영농지도사의 직책에 있다는 사유만으로 모내기철에 연·월차휴가를 사용함으로써 원고 조합의 사업운영에 심대한 지장이 있다고 보기는 어려우므로 원고 조합이 참가인의 연·월차휴가신청을 불허한 것은 정당한 시기변경권의 행사로 볼 수 없고 따라서 참가인이 원고 조합의 허가 여부에 관계없이 사용가능한 11일의 연·월차휴가를 사용하였다고 하여 그것이 무단결근이 된다고 할 수 없다고 판단하였다.

나. 당원의 판단

그러나 근로기준법 제47조, 제48조 및 같은법시행령 제30조의 규정에 의하면 연·월차유급휴가의 발생요건은 서로 상이하고, 월차유급휴가는 근로자의 자유의사로 1년간에 한하여 적치하여 사용하거나 분할하여 사용할 수 있고, 연차유급휴가는 근로자의 청구가 있는 시기에 주어야 하고 다만 근로자의 청구한 시기에 유급휴가를 주는 것이 사업운영에 심대한 지장이 있는 경우에는 사용자가 그 시기를 변경할 수 있고, 연차유급휴가는 1년간 행사하지 아니한 때에는 사용자의 귀책사유로 사용하지 못한 경우가 아닌 한 소멸되는 것임을 알 수 있는바, 연·월차휴가권이 근로기준법상의 성립요건을 충족하는 경우에 당연히 발생하는 것이라고 하여도 이와 같이 발생한 휴가권을 구체화하려면 근로자가 자신에게 맡겨진 시기지정권(時期指定權)을 행사하여 어떤 휴가를, 언제부터 언제까지 사용할 것인지에 관하여 특정하여야 할 것이고, 근로자가 이와 같은 특정을 하지 아니한 채 시기지정권을 행사하더라도 이는 적법한 시기지정이라고 할 수 없어 그 효력이 발생할 수 없다 할 것이고, 이와 같은 경우에는 적법한 휴가시기 지정이 있음을 전제로 하는 사용자의 시기변경권(時期變更權)의 행사도 필요하지 않다 할 것이다.

원심이 인정한 사실관계라면 참가인의 위에서 본 연·월차휴가신청은 참가인이 월차휴가와 연차휴가를 각 언제부터 언제까지 사용할 것인지에 관하여 특정되어 있지 아니하여 적법한 시기지정이라고 할 수 없어 그 효력이 발생할 수 없는 것이고, 따라서 참가인이 부적법한 연·월차휴가신청을 한 다음 원고의 승인도 없이 원고 조합에 출근하지 아니한 것은 무단결근이라고 할 것임에도 원심이 이와 달리 참가인의 이와 같은 연·월차휴가신청이 적법한 것으로서 그 효력이 발생한다고 보아 위와 같이 판단하였으니 원심은 근로기준법상의 연·월차휴가권 및 그 시기지정권에 관한 법리를 그르친 위법을 저질렀다 할 것이므로 이 점을 지적하는 논지는 이유 있다.

2. 부당노동행위의 성립 여부에 관하여

사용자가 근로자에 대하여 해고 등의 징계처분을 함에 있어서 표면적으로 내세우는 징계사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자의 정당한 조합활동 등을 이유로 해고 등의 징계처분을 한 것으로 인정되는 경우에 있어서 그 징계처분은 부당노동행위라고 보아야 할 것이나( 대법원 1993. 12. 10. 선고 93누4595 판결, 1994. 8. 26. 선고 94누3940 판결, 1994. 12. 23. 선고 94누3001 판결 등 참조) 사용자가 표면적으로 내세우는 징계사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자의 정당한 조합활동 등을 이유로 해고 등의 징계처분을 한 것인지 여부는 사용자가 내세우는 징계사유와 근로자가 한 노동조합활동 등의 행위의 내용, 징계처분을 한 시기, 징계처분을 하기까지 사용자가 취한 절차, 동종 사례에 있어서의 제재의 불균형, 사용자와 노동조합과의 관계 등 부당노동행위의사를 추정할 수 있는 제반 사정을 비교검토하여 종합적으로 판단하여야 하고, 단순히 징계절차에 하자가 있다거나 징계양정이 부당하다는 사정은 그것이 부당노동행위의사 여부를 판단하는 하나의 자료가 되기는 하여도 그러한 사정만으로 곧바로 부당노동행위를 인정할 수는 없는 것이며( 위 94누3940 판결, 94누3001 판결 등 참조), 특히 근로자에 대한 해고 등의 징계처분을 포함한 불이익처분에 정당한 이유가 있는 것으로 인정되는 경우에는 비록 사용자가 근로자의 조합활동을 못마땅하게 여긴 흔적이 있다거나 사용자에게 반노동조합의사가 추정된다고 하더라도 당해 징계사유 등이 단순히 표면상의 구실에 불과하다고 할 수는 없어 그와 같은 불이익처분이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 할 수 없다( 대법원 1996. 4. 23. 선고 95누6151 판결, 1996. 7. 30. 선고 96누587 판결, 1996. 11. 15. 선고 95누16752 판결, 1996. 12. 20. 선고 95누18345 판결 등 참조).

위에서 본 바와 같이 참가인의 이 사건 연·월차휴가신청은 부적법한 것이고, 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 원고가 참가인에게 휴가기간이 명시되지 아니한 이 사건 연·월차휴가신청이 불허가되었음을 통고하면서 출근하도록 지시하였던 것이므로 참가인이 원고의 승인을 얻지 아니한 채 1993. 5. 11.부터 같은 달 21.까지 원고 조합에 출근하지 아니한 것은 무단결근에 해당한다고 할 것이고, 참가인의 이와 같은 비위행위가 원고 조합의 복무규정을 위반한 것으로서 인사규정 소정의 징계사유에 해당하는 이상 원고의 출근 지시에도 불구하고 참가인이 정당한 교섭당사자도 아닌 농협중앙회장에 대하여 단체교섭 및 면담 요구를 관철할 목적으로 농협중앙회에서 다른 노동조합원들과 함께 농성을 하면서 무단결근을 한 것을 이유로 한 참가인에 대한 정직처분은 그 처분 경위나 참가인의 비위행위의 내용과 정도, 참가인의 비위행위 과정에서의 행태 등에 비추어 정당하다 할 것이므로 그것이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 할 수 없다. 더욱이 소외 노동조합의 위원장으로 활동하던 참가인의 농협중앙회장에 대한 면담행위 자체를 조합활동으로 볼 수 있다고 하더라도 참가인이 원고의 승인도 없이 원고 조합의 복무규정을 위반하면서 장기간 출근조차 하지 아니한 채 교섭당사자도 아닌 농협중앙회의 대표자에 대하여 단체교섭을 요구하면서 집단으로 농성을 한 행위는 정당한 조합활동에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다.

그럼에도 불구하고 원심이 참가인의 1993. 5. 11.부터 같은 달 21.까지의 연월차휴가 사용이 정당하고 나아가 그 판시와 같은 이유로 이 사건 정직처분이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 판단한 것은 정당한 노동조합 활동에 관한 법리 및 부당노동행위 성립에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다 할 것이므로 이 점을 지적하는 논지도 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용훈(재판장) 박만호 박준서(주심) 김형선

Related statutes

Similar cases

Cases with high content similarity to this one.

#1
82누334 · 대법원 1983-12-13
부당노동행위의구제신청에 대한재심신청판정취소
#2
96누16063 · 대법원 1997-06-24
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#3
85누170 · 대법원 1986-07-08
부당노동행위구제재심신청기각판정처분취소
#4
95누9792 · 대법원 1995-11-07
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
#5
99두5740 · 대법원 1999-09-17
부당노동행위등구제재심판정취소

Cases citing this decision

99도317 · 대법원 2000-11-28
근로기준법위반·노동쟁의조정법위반
99두2963 · 대법원 2000-04-11
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Remedy for Unfair Di
99두4273 · 대법원 1999-11-09
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme
96누6431 · 대법원 1997-07-08
Revocation of Dismissal of Retrial Application for Remedy Ag
96누16063 · 대법원 1997-06-24
Revocation of Retrial Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Reme

Related tools & guides

AI answers need an account (free accounts: 2 per month) — submit and you'll return to this question after logging in. Search and case reading stay free.

Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)