Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 94다54474

Objection to Distribution of Auction Proceeds배당이의

Decided1995. 07. 25. Court대법원Partial win for the worker
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court of Korea (대법원) ruling addresses how much of a worker's severance pay (퇴직금) receives 'super-priority' status when a company's assets are sold at auction, ahead of other creditors like banks with mortgages. The Court held that although the full amount of severance pay can qualify for priority payment under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), only the portion earned for work performed after March 29, 1989 (the date the relevant law took effect) actually qualifies. This is because retroactively applying the new priority rule to service periods before that date would violate the principle against retroactive legislation.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA worker's former employer's assets were sold at auction, and a dispute arose over how much of the worker's severance pay should be paid first, ahead of other creditors.
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that severance pay is not limited to a 'final three months' cap, but priority payment only applies to the portion earned for work after March 29, 1989, when the priority rule took effect.
  • LessonForeign workers should know that severance pay priority protection may not cover the entire employment period if part of that period predates the 1989 legal amendment — check the exact service dates when claiming priority in insolvency or auction proceedings.
Issues
  • Whether the scope of severance pay eligible for priority payment under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act is limited to only the final three months before retirement
  • Whether the portion of severance pay that accrued before the effective date of the amended law is also included in the priority payment protection
Key reasoning

The Court clarified that the phrase 'final three months' worth' in the statute modifies only unpaid wages, not severance pay — meaning severance pay itself is not capped at three months' worth for priority payment purposes. In principle, this means the entire severance pay amount could receive priority treatment over other creditors. However, because the priority rule for severance pay was newly introduced by the March 29, 1989 amendment, applying it to periods of employment before that date would unfairly and retroactively harm other creditors who extended credit relying on the old rules. Therefore, the Court limited priority payment to only the portion of severance pay attributable to service performed on or after March 29, 1989.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] In light of the legislative process, purpose, and intent of Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), it appears that the phrase "for the last three months" in the said provision does not modify "retirement allowance." Accordingly, the retirement allowance subject to priority repayment under the said statutory provision cannot be construed as being limited only to the retirement allowance corresponding to the last three months of service, or only to the retirement allowance for which the cause of payment arose within three months of the cessation of business; in principle, the entire amount of the retirement allowance is subject to such priority repayment.

[2] The provision on priority repayment of retirement allowances under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act was first recognized when the Labor Standards Act was amended by Act No. 4009 on March 29, 1989. Article 2 of the Addenda to the amended Act (dated March 29, 1989) provides that the priority repayment recognized under the amended provisions shall apply only to the portion accruing on or after March 29, 1989, the effective date of the amended Act. This provision expresses the principle prohibiting retroactive legislation, and consequently, pursuant to this provision of the Addenda, only the portion of the total retirement allowance corresponding to the period of service on or after the effective date of the amended Act is subject to priority repayment of the retirement allowance under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act.

Full text (English, AI translation) 2,956 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Industrial Bank of Korea, Attorney Kang Myeong-hun and 1 other, counsel for the plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellee] Defendant 1 and 8 others
[Court Below] Seoul District Court Decision 94Na28399 rendered on October 14, 1994

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Plaintiff.

[Reasoning]

The Court examines the Plaintiff's grounds of appeal (to the extent supplemented by the contents stated in the supplementary brief of grounds of appeal).

Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provides that wages for the last three months, retirement allowances, and accident compensation shall be paid in preference to claims secured by mortgages or other security interests, taxes and public charges, and other claims, out of the total assets of the employer. In light of the legislative process, purpose, and intent of this provision, it appears that the phrase "for the last three months" in the provision does not modify "retirement allowance." Therefore, it cannot be said that the retirement allowance subject to preferential payment under the said statutory provision is limited only to the portion of the retirement allowance corresponding to the last three months of work, or to retirement allowances for which the cause of payment arose within three months of the business's closure; in principle, the entire amount of the retirement allowance is subject to preferential payment.

However, the provision concerning preferential payment of retirement allowances within the said statutory provision was first recognized when the Labor Standards Act was amended by Act No. 4009 on March 29, 1989, and Article 2 of the Addenda to the amending Act provides that the preferential payment recognized under the amended provision of the said statutory provision shall apply only to amounts arising on or after March 29, 1989, the effective date of the amending Act. This provision expresses the principle prohibiting retroactive legislation, and accordingly, pursuant to the said Addenda provision, only the portion of the total retirement allowance corresponding to the period of service after the effective date of the amending Act is subject to preferential payment of retirement allowance under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act.

The judgment of the court below, which is to the same effect, is justified, and there is no error therein, as alleged in the argument, of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning preferential payment of retirement allowances under Article 30-2(2) of the Labor Standards Act. The argument is without merit.

Accordingly, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party, in accordance with the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the judgment, and it is so decided as stated in the Order.

Justice Lee Don-hui (Presiding Justice), Kim Seok-su (Justice in charge), Jeong Gui-ho, Lee Im-su

【판결요지】

가. 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항의 입법 과정이나 목적 및 취지에 비추어 위 조항에서의‘최종 3월분의’라는 문구가 퇴직금을 수식하지 않는다고 보여지므로, 위 법 조항상의 우선변제의 대상이 되는 퇴직금이 최종 3개월간 근무한 부분에 대한 퇴직금이나 그 지급사유가 사업 폐지 3개월 이내에 발생한 퇴직금만으로 한정되는 것이라고는 볼 수 없고 원칙적으로 퇴직금 전액이 그 대상이 된다.

나. 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항 중 퇴직금의 우선변제에 관한 규정은 근로기준법이 1989.3.29. 법률 제4009호로 개정되면서 비로소 인정된 것으로, 그 개정법률 부칙 제2조(1989.3.29.)의 개정규정에 의하여 인정되는 우선변제는그 개정법률의 시행일인 1989.3.29. 이후 발생된 분에 한하여 적용한다고 규정하고 있는바, 이는 소급입법금지의 원칙을 표명한 것으로서 결국 그 부칙 조항에 따라 전체 퇴직금 중 위 개정법률 시행일 이후의 근무기간에 상응하는 퇴직금 부분만이 위 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항 소정의 퇴직금 우선변제의 대상으로 된다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항, 근로기준법부칙(1989.3.29.) 제2조

【참조판례】

대법원 1995. 7. 25. 자 94카기125 결정(공1995하,2941), 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다28666 판결(동지), 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다37691 판결(동지), 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다45067 판결(동지), 1995. 7. 28. 선고 94다57718 판결(동지)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,036자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 중소기업은행 소송대리인 변호사 강명훈 외 1인

【피고, 피상고인】 피고 1 외 8인

【원심판결】 서울민사지방법원 1994. 10. 14. 선고 94나28399 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 원고의 상고이유(상고이유보충서 기재 이유는 이를 보충하는 범위 내에서)를

본다.

근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항에 의하면 최종 3개월분의 임금과 퇴직금 및 재해보상금은 사용자의 총재산에 대하여 저당권 등에 의하여 담보된 채권, 조세.공과금 및 다른 채권에 우선하여 변제되어야 한다고 규정하고 있는바, 그 입법 과정이나 목적 및 취지에 비추어 위 조항에서의‘최종 3월분의’라는 문구가 퇴직금을 수식하지 않는다고 보여지므로, 위 법 조항상의 우선변제의 대상이 되는 퇴직금이 최종 3개월간 근무한 부분에 대한 퇴직금이나 그 지급사유가 사업 폐지 3개월 이내에 발생한 퇴직금만으로 한정되는 것이라고는 볼 수 없고 원칙적으로 퇴직금 전액이 그 대상이 되는 것이라고 할 것이다.

그런데 위 법 조항 중 퇴직금의 우선변제에 관한 규정은 근로기준법이 1989.3.29. 법률 제4009호로 개정되면서 비로소 인정된 것으로 동 개정법률 부칙 제2조가 위 법 조항의 개정규정에 의하여 인정되는 우선변제는 동 개정법률의 시행일인 1989.3.29. 이후 발생된 분에 한하여 적용한다고 규정하고 있는바, 이는 소급입법금지의 원칙을 표명한 것으로서 결국 동 부칙 조항에 따라 전체 퇴직금 중 위 개정법률 시행일 이후의 근무기간에 상응하는 퇴직금 부분만이 위 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항 소정의 퇴직금 우선변제의 대상으로 되는 것이라고 할 것이다.

같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하고, 거기에 소론과 같은 위 근로기준법 제30조의2 제2항 소정의 퇴직금 우선변제에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다고 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이돈희(재판장) 김석수(주심) 정귀호 이임수

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