Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 93누4595

Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Labor Practice Remedy부당노동행위구제재심판정취소

Decided1993. 12. 10. Court대법원Employer won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A company conducted a layoff for managerial reasons (경영상 이유에 의한 정리해고), but the labor union argued this was actually an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위) disguised as a legitimate layoff, aimed at retaliating against union activities. The Supreme Court (대법원) ruled in favor of the employer, finding that the layoff was a legitimate restructuring measure based on urgent managerial necessity, not a pretext for anti-union discrimination.

Key takeaways
  • CaseThe company implemented a layoff citing managerial necessity, but the labor union claimed it was actually retaliation for union activities constituting an unfair labor practice.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court comprehensively reviewed the reasons for dismissal, the nature of union activities, labor-management relations, and timing, concluding that the layoff was a legitimate measure based on urgent managerial necessity.
  • LessonEmployers conducting layoffs must clearly demonstrate genuine managerial necessity and provide objective evidence showing the decision was unrelated to union activities in order to avoid claims of unfair labor practice (부당노동행위).
Issues
  • Whether the dismissal, despite being officially classified as a layoff for managerial reasons, was in substance motivated by the employee's union activities
  • Whether the layoff met the legal requirements for validity and whether it constituted an unfair labor practice (부당노동행위)
  • Whether prior consultation with the labor union was a mandatory procedural requirement for a valid layoff
Key reasoning

When the stated reason for dismissal differs from the potential underlying motive, courts must comprehensively examine all relevant circumstances—including the actual grounds for dismissal, the nature and extent of union activities, the state of labor-management relations, and the timing of the dismissal—to determine whether an unfair labor practice occurred. In this case, the Supreme Court found that the company faced a genuine and urgent business necessity for restructuring, and the layoff was not primarily motivated by anti-union animus. Therefore, the dismissal was deemed a valid layoff for managerial reasons (정리해고) rather than an unfair labor practice under Korean labor law.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

If it is recognized that, contrary to the ostensible reason for dismissal, the employer, in dismissing an employee, has actually dismissed the employee on the ground that the employee engaged in legitimate acts for the business of the labor union, this must be regarded as an unfair labor practice. Whether the legitimate labor union activities of the employee constitute the substantial reason for the dismissal must be determined comprehensively by comparing and examining the reason for dismissal asserted by the employer, the content of the legitimate acts performed by the employee for the business of the labor union, the relationship between the employer and the labor union, the timing of the dismissal, and other circumstances from which the existence of an intent to commit an unfair labor practice may be inferred.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,857 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Dongjin Co., Ltd., Attorney Park Jae-bong, Counsel for the Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellant] Chairman of the National Labor Relations Commission

[Defendant Intervenor, Appellant]

[Remanding Judgment] Supreme Court Decision 90Nu9421, delivered on May 12, 1992

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant Intervenor.

[Reasoning]

1. As to the first ground of appeal.
According to the record, the lower court's findings and determination regarding: (i) the financial and management condition of the Plaintiff Company's First Business Division for the year 1988 and up to May 1989; and (ii) the fact that, prior to implementing the layoff for managerial reasons (jeongri haego) at issue in this case, the First Business Division of the Plaintiff Company engaged in collective bargaining with the labor union on several occasions in an effort to overcome the deteriorating financial condition as found by the lower court, and made efforts to continue the business by explaining the management situation of the First Business Division through labor-management consultations and persuading the labor union — are found to be justified and acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehension of facts as alleged in the argument. This ground of appeal is without merit.

2. As to the second ground of appeal.
According to the facts lawfully found by the lower court, the First Business Division and the Second Business Division of the Plaintiff Company had different actual managers and different physical facilities, and were operated completely independently and separately from each other in terms of personnel, business activities, accounting, etc. The financial condition of the First Business Division deteriorated sharply from around 1988, and by around May 1989, if that trend continued through the end of that year, there was a strong possibility not only that the entire capital of the Plaintiff Company would be eroded but also that bankruptcy would occur. Moreover, separate labor unions were organized for each business division, and each union independently engaged in labor union activities such as collective bargaining with its respective actual manager, such that the employees themselves recognized the First Business Division and the Second Business Division as entirely independent and separate places of business. Under these circumstances, it cannot be said to be unreasonable for the Plaintiff Company to abolish the First Business Division, which was operating at a loss and experiencing severe management difficulties, and to reduce personnel accordingly; therefore, there was an urgent managerial necessity for the Plaintiff Company to abolish the First Business Division and reduce personnel. Furthermore, in abolishing the First Business Division due to such urgent managerial necessity, it cannot be said that selecting all employees belonging to the First Business Division as subjects of dismissal was inequitable. In addition, in light of the actual operating conditions of the First Business Division and the Second Business Division, it does not appear that the Second Business Division could have absorbed all or part of the employees belonging to the First Business Division. Accordingly, there existed special circumstances such that no particular effect could have been expected even if prior consultation had been held with the labor union or the employees regarding the necessity, timing, scale, and method of the layoff for managerial reasons (as to the timing of the dismissal, the Plaintiff Company gave advance notice approximately one month beforehand). Therefore, the mere fact that the Plaintiff Company did not hold prior consultation with the labor union or the employees in carrying out the layoff for managerial reasons with respect to all employees belonging to the First Business Division cannot render the layoff invalid.

Although the lower court did not provide any explanation as to whether the prior consultation procedure was followed and the effect of the layoff for managerial reasons in that regard, in light of its holding that the layoff for managerial reasons in this case was justified, it appears to have taken the same position as set forth above. Accordingly, there is no error in the lower court's judgment of misapprehension of the legal principles regarding the requirements for a layoff for managerial reasons, nor is there any inconsistency in the reasoning. This ground of appeal is also without merit.

3. As to the third ground of appeal.
Whether the dismissal of an employee constitutes an unfair labor practice must be determined by whether the dismissal, in substance, falls under the grounds set forth in Article 39 of the Trade Union Act (노동조합법). Accordingly, where it is found that, notwithstanding the ostensible ground for dismissal put forth by the employer, the employer in substance dismissed the employee on the ground that the employee engaged in legitimate activities for labor union affairs, such dismissal must be deemed an unfair labor practice. This is the view that this Court has repeatedly taken (see Supreme Court Decision 88Nu4508, delivered on May 23, 1989; Supreme Court Decision 89Nu1193, delivered on January 12, 1990; Supreme Court Decision 89Nu8217, delivered on August 10, 1990; Supreme Court Decision 90Nu6132, delivered on February 22, 1991; Supreme Court Decision 90Nu7685, delivered on April 23, 1991, etc.).

Furthermore, whether an employee's legitimate labor union activity for union affairs constituted the substantial ground for dismissal must be determined comprehensively by comparing and examining the ground for dismissal asserted by the employer with the content of the employee's legitimate activity for union affairs, the relationship between the employer and the labor union, the timing of the dismissal, and other circumstances from which the existence of an intent to commit an unfair labor practice may be inferred (see Supreme Court Decision 90Nu6132, delivered on February 22, 1991; Supreme Court Decision 90Nu7685, delivered on April 23, 1991).

In this case, although the deterioration of the management condition of the Plaintiff Company's First Business Division was attributable to the labor union's excessive demands for wage increases and the strike carried out to achieve them, in light of: the fact that, as noted above, the layoff for managerial reasons in this case is found to have been based on urgent managerial necessity; the fact that the actual manager of the First Business Division, in an effort to restore the business's management, explained the then-deteriorating management condition of the First Business Division to the labor union and continued efforts to avoid the dismissal through six rounds of collective bargaining, etc., over a considerable period from March 16, 1989 to around April 20 of the same year, prior to the dismissal; the fact that, notwithstanding this, the labor union repeatedly demanded only a drastic 39.4% wage increase, and even at the labor-management consultation held in May of that year, continued to insist on a high wage increase of 27.6%, such that no agreement was reached, whereupon, rather than continuing negotiations, the union filed a notice of the occurrence of a labor dispute on May 16 of that year, and on May 19 filed an application for relief from unfair labor practice with the Busan Regional Labor Relations Commission, alleging that the Plaintiff Company was avoiding collective bargaining, and further, on May 30, held an extraordinary general meeting of union members and resolved to go on strike beginning June 10 of that year; and the fact that the total number of employees belonging to the First Business Division was 195, of whom 122 were union members, while the subjects of the layoff for managerial reasons were all employees belonging to the First Business Division — it cannot be concluded that the layoff for managerial reasons in this case arose from an aversion to the labor union's legitimate activities or was based on an intent to commit an unfair labor practice.

In the same vein, the lower court's determination that the layoff for managerial reasons in this case was justified and cannot be regarded as constituting an unfair labor practice is justified, and there is no error of misapprehension of the legal principles concerning unfair labor practices or of insufficient deliberation. This ground of appeal is also without merit.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This Decision is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Presiding Justice Park Jun-seo
Justice Kim Sang-won
Justice Yoon Young-cheol (Presiding Judge for the Report)
Justice Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

사용자가 근로자를 해고함에 있어서 표면상의 해고사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자가 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 한 것을 이유로 해고한 것으로 인정되는 경우에는 부당노동행위라고 보아야 하고, 근로자의 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 노동조합행위를 실질적인 해고사유로 한 것인지의 여부는 사용자측이 내세우는 해고사유와 근로자가 한 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위의 내용, 사용자와 노동조합과의 관계, 해고의 시기, 기타 부당노동행위 의사의 존재를 추정할 수 있는 제반 사정을 비교, 검토하여 종합적으로 판단하여야 한다.

【참조조문】

근로기준법 제27조 제1항, 노동조합법 제39조

【참조판례】

대법원 1991.4.23. 선고 90누7685 판결(공1991,1518), 1992.2.28. 선고 91누9572 판결(공1992,1190), 1993.1.15. 선고 92누13035 판결(공1993상,742)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,220자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 주식회사 동진 소송대리인 변호사 박재봉

【피고, 상고인】 중앙노동위원회위원장

【피고보조참가인, 상고인】

【환송판결】 대법원 1992.5.12. 선고 90누 9421 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고보조참가인의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 1. 상고이유 제1점을 본다.

기록에 의하면, 원고 회사 제1사업부의 1988년도 및 1989.5.까지의 경영수지관계, 원고 회사 제1사업부가 이 사건 정리해고를 하기에 앞서 그 판시와 같은 경영수지 악화를 타개하려고 수차례에 걸쳐 노동조합측과 단체교섭을 하고, 노사협의를 통하여 제1사업부의 경영사정을 설명하면서 노동조합측을 설득하여 사업을 계속하기 위한 노력을 하여 왔다는 점에 대한 원심의 인정판단은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고, 거기에 소론 주장의 사실오인의 위법이 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 상고이유 제2점을 본다.

원심이 적법하게 인정한 사실에 의하면, 원고 회사 제1사업부와 제2사업부는 그 실질적인 경영자가 다르고 물적 설비도 다르며, 또한 인사, 기업활동, 회계 등에 있어서 서로 독자적으로 운영하여 완전히 분리 경영되어 왔는데, 제1사업부의 경영수지가 1988.경부터 급격히 악화되어 1989.5.경에 이르러서는 같은 해 말까지 그와 같은 추세가 계속된다면 원고 회사 전체의 자본을 잠식할 가능성은 물론 파산의 가능성이 농후하게 되었다는 것이고, 또한 사업부별로 별도의 노동조합이 결성되어 실질적인 경영자와 각기 독자적으로 단체교섭 등의 노조활동을 하여 왔다는 것이므로, 근로자들도 제1사업부와 제2사업부를 전혀 독립한 별개의 사업장으로 인식하고 있었다는 것인바, 이러한 사정이라면 적자를 내고 있고 경영상 심한 곤란을 겪고 있는 제1사업부를 폐지하여 인원감축을 하는 것이 불합리하다 할 수 없어 원고 회사는 제1사업부를 폐지하여 인원감축을 하여야 할 긴박한 경영상의 필요가 있었다 할 것이고, 원고 회사가 위와 같은 긴박한 경영상의 필요에 의하여 제1사업부를 폐지함에 있어 제1사업부 소속 전체 근로자들을 해고 대상자로 선정한 것이 형평에 어긋난다고 할 수 없으며, 또한 제1사업부와 제2사업부의 실제 운영실태 등에 비추어 제1사업부 소속 근로자 전부나 일부를 제2사업부에서 흡수할 수 있었던 사정이라고도 보여지지 아니하여 정리해고의 필요성과 그 시기, 규모, 방법 등(해고의 시기에 관하여는 원고 회사가 한달 정도의 간격을 두고 미리 예고하였다)에 관하여 노동조합이나 근로자측과 사전협의를 거친다 하여도 별다른 효과를 기대할 수 없었던 특별한 사정이 있었던 것이라 할 것이므로, 원고 회사가 제1사업부 소속 전체 근로자들을 정리해고함에 있어서 노동조합이나 근로자측과 사전협의를 거치지 아니하였다는 것만으로 위 정리해고가 그 효력이 없다고는 할 수 없을 것이다.

원심은 사전협의절차를 거쳤는지 여부 및 그에 따른 정리해고의 효력에 관하여 아무런 설명을 하고 있지는 아니하나 이 사건 정리해고가 정당하다고 판시한 점으로 보아 같은 취지에 서있는 것으로 보여지고, 따라서 원심판결에 정리해고의 요건에 관한 법리오해의 위법이나 이유모순의 위법이 없다 할 것이다. 논지도 이유 없다.

3. 상고이유 제3점을 본다.

근로자에 대한 해고가 부당노동행위인지 여부는 그 해고가 실질적으로 노동조합법 제39조 소정의 사유에 해당하는 것인지의 여부에 의하여 판단하여야 할 것이므로, 사용자가 근로자를 해고함에 있어서 표면상의 해고사유와는 달리 실질적으로는 근로자가 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위를 한 것을 이유로 해고한 것으로 인정되는 경우에는 부당노동행위라고 보아야 한다는 것은 당원이 누차 취하여온 견해이다( 당원 1989.5.23. 선고 88누4508 판결; 1990.1.12. 선고 89누1193 판결; 1990.8.10. 선고 89누8217 판결; 1991.2.22. 선고 90누6132 판결; 1991.4.23. 선고 90누7685 판결 등 참조).

또한 근로자의 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 노동조합행위를 실질적인 해고사유로 한 것인지의 여부는 사용자측이 내세우는 해고사유와 근로자가 한 노동조합업무를 위한 정당한 행위의 내용, 사용자와 노동조합과의 관계, 해고의 시기, 기타 부당노동행위 의사의 존재를 추정할 수 있는 제반사정을 비교, 검토하여 종합적으로 판단하여야 할 것이다( 당원 1991.2.22. 선고 90누6132 판결; 1991.4.23. 선고 90누7685 판결 각 참조),

이 사건에서 보건대, 비록 원고 회사 제1사업부의 경영악화가 노동조합의 무리한 임금인상 요구와 이를 관철하기 위한 파업 등에 기인하고 있기는 하나 위에서 본 바와 같이 이 사건 정리해고는 긴박한 경영상의 필요에 근거한 것으로 인정되는 점, 제1사업부의 실질적인 경영자가 기업경영을 회복하기 위하여 당시 악화된 제1사업부의 경영사정을 노동조합측에 설명하면서 해고에 앞서 1989.3.16.부터 같은 해 4.20.경까지 상당한 기간 6차례에 걸쳐서 단체교섭 등을 통하여 그 회피를 위한 노력을 계속하여 온 점, 그럼에도 불구하고 노동조합은 39.4퍼센트의 대폭적인 임금인상 요구만을 되풀이하여 오다가 같은 해 5.에 있은 노사협의에서도 역시 27.6퍼센트의 높은 임금인상 요구를 계속하여 고수함으로써 그 합의에 이르지 못하자 같은 해 5.16.에는 오히려 쟁의발생신고를 하고 같은 달 19.에는 원고 회사가 단체교섭을 회피하고 있다고 주장하면서 부산지방노동위원회에 부당노동행위구제신청을 하고, 나아가 같은 달 30.에는 조합원 임시총회를 열어 같은 해 6.10.부터 파업에 들어가기로 결의까지 한 점, 제1사업부 소속 근로자는 모두 195명인데 그 중 조합원은 122명으로서 정리해고대상자가 제1사업부에 소속된 전체 근로자인 점 등에 비추어 보면, 이 사건 정리해고는 노동조합의 정당한 활동을 혐오한 데서 비롯한 것이거나 부당노동행위 의사에 기한 것이라고 단정할 수 없다.

같은 취지에서 이 사건 정리해고는 정당한 것이고, 그것이 부당노동행위에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다고 한 원심판단은 정당하고 거기에 부당노동행위에 관한 법리오해나 심리미진의 위법이 없다. 논지도 이유 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 박준서(재판장) 김상원 윤영철(주심) 박만호

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Revocation of Retrial Decision on Remedy for Unfair Labor Pr
94누3001 · 대법원 1994-12-23
Revocation of Reexamination Decision on Unfair Labor Practic

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Cross-check the original: 국가법령정보센터 (auxiliary link)