Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2000다50701

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided2002. 04. 23. Court대법원Case remanded (파기환송) — the lower court's decision favoring the retired employee's claim was overturned, effectively ruling in favor of the employer on the retroactive application issue.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A former employee, who had already left the company, filed a claim seeking the wage increase and the resulting difference in severance pay (퇴직금) based on a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) that was signed after their retirement. The Korean Supreme Court (대법원) ruled that the retroactive effect of a collective bargaining agreement applies only to employees who were still employed at the time the agreement was concluded, not to those who had already retired. The Court also held that an employer's voluntary practice of paying additional amounts to retirees does not, by itself, create a legally binding obligation.

Key takeaways
  • CaseA former employee who had already retired demanded that the company pay the wage increase and corresponding severance pay difference based on a collective bargaining agreement signed after their retirement.
  • OutcomeThe Court ruled that the retroactive effect of a collective bargaining agreement applies only to employees who were still employed when the agreement was signed, and that the employer's voluntary extra payments to retirees did not create a legal obligation.
  • LessonEmployees cannot claim benefits from a collective bargaining agreement signed after they have already left the company, so it is important to carefully track the timing of collective bargaining negotiations relative to your retirement date.
Issues
  • Whether the retroactive effect of a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) signed after an employee's retirement extends to that already-retired employee
  • Whether an employer's practice of voluntarily paying wage differences to retirees constitutes a legally binding labor-management custom (노사관행)
Key reasoning

The retroactive effect of a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) extends only to employees who remained on the payroll when the agreement was signed, since the agreement is a product of negotiation between the employer and the labor union representing current employees. A former employee who had already retired before the agreement was concluded is not a party to that bargaining relationship and therefore cannot claim its benefits. Furthermore, even if the employer had a practice of voluntarily paying wage differences to some retirees, such a practice was not based on any agreement with the labor union and thus lacks the 'normative effect' (규범적 효력) required to be recognized as a binding labor-management custom. Without union involvement or formal agreement, such voluntary payments remain discretionary and do not create an enforceable legal right for retirees.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Originally, a collective agreement is an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or employers' association concerning working conditions and other matters arising in labor-management relations, and where a labor union and the employer side conclude a collective agreement retroactively consenting to or approving the existing standards for determining working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are working at the enterprise after the collective agreement takes effect and who will be subject to the agreement, and there is no room for such effect to arise with respect to employees who had already retired prior to the conclusion of the collective agreement. This is no different even where the working conditions have been changed favorably for the employees.

[2] In order for a particular practice existing within an enterprise to constitute part of the content of an employment contract, such practice must be supported by a normative consciousness to the extent that it is clearly recognized within the business community as a normative fact generally governing labor relations, or is generally accepted as a matter of course by the members of the enterprise without anyone raising an objection, such that it can be said to have been established as a de facto system within the enterprise.

[3] Case holding that, although there was a practice whereby the employer additionally paid to already-retired employees the difference in wage increases and retirement allowance increases based on a collective agreement concluded after their retirement, such practice could not be regarded as a labor-management practice supported by normative consciousness between the labor union or the group of employees and the employer.

Full text (English, AI translation) 11,678 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees] Plaintiff 1 and 137 others (Counsel for the plaintiffs: Attorney Cho Chang-gi)

[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Electric Power Corporation (Counsel for the defendant: Segye General Law Firm, Attorney in charge Lee Im-seong)

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2000Na8009 rendered on August 10, 2000

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

1. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found the following facts: the Plaintiffs joined and worked for the Defendant Corporation and retired between January 17, 1997 and November 16, 1997; since its establishment in 1961 until 1996, the year immediately preceding the Plaintiffs' retirement, the Defendant, in each year, concluded collective agreements with the labor union on a specific date providing for wage increases for that year, and accordingly amended its Remuneration Regulations, which constitute its rules of employment; in doing so, the Defendant retroactively calculated and additionally paid to employees still in service the difference between the wages actually paid according to the previous year's Remuneration Regulations during the period from December 16 of the immediately preceding year to the day before the date of conclusion of the collective agreement for the relevant year, and the wages that would have been paid during the same period under the amended Remuneration Regulations (the "wage increase differential"); the Defendant likewise paid, to employees who had retired from the Defendant Corporation during the same period, the wage increase differential as well as the difference between the retirement allowance actually received and the retirement allowance that would have been calculated based on the wage increase differential had it been paid on the original payment date (the "retirement allowance increase differential"); and until 1996, no objection was raised by either labor or management regarding these measures. However, the court below found that after the Defendant concluded a collective agreement on November 19, 1997 and amended the Remuneration Regulations accordingly, the Defendant paid, on December 12, 1997, the wage increase differential accrued from December 16, 1996 to the day before the date of conclusion of the said collective agreement to employees who were in service as of the date of conclusion of the said collective agreement, but did not pay the wage increase differential accrued during the same period, nor the retirement allowance increase differential based thereon, to the Plaintiffs who had retired during the same period.

Based on these facts, the court below determined that, since its establishment, a practice had existed between labor and management at the Defendant Corporation whereby, whenever a collective agreement providing for a wage increase for the relevant year was concluded, the wage increase differential calculated according to the collective agreement concluded for that year was additionally paid not only to employees in service as of the date of conclusion of the collective agreement, but also to employees who had retired between December 16 of the immediately preceding year and the day before the date of conclusion of the collective agreement for the relevant year, and further, that the retirement allowance increase differential as described above was additionally paid to such retired employees; and that since no objection was raised by either labor or management to this practice, it should be considered that a so-called labor practice had been established between labor and management at the Defendant Corporation, whereby the method of additional wage payment as described above came to be recognized and settled as an implicit norm. The court below further determined that, in order for the Defendant to discontinue payment in a manner contrary to this pre-existing labor practice of additionally paying the wage and retirement allowance increase differentials calculated according to the collective agreement, the Defendant should have obtained the consent of the labor union organized by a majority of the employees or gone through some similar procedure, and since there was no assertion or proof that such a procedure had been followed, the court below concluded that the Defendant was obligated to additionally pay to the Plaintiffs, in accordance with the pre-existing labor practice, the wage and retirement allowance increase differentials calculated pursuant to the collective agreement dated November 19, 1997.

The court below then addressed the Defendant's argument that, since a collective agreement does not extend its effect to employees who had already retired before its conclusion, the Defendant had no obligation to pay to the Plaintiffs, who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement of November 19, 1997, the wage and retirement allowance increase differentials calculated pursuant to said collective agreement. The court below rejected this argument on the ground that, inasmuch as the labor practice described above existed at the time the Plaintiffs retired from the Defendant, the Plaintiffs already held, at the time of their retirement, a conditional claim against the Defendant to demand the wage and retirement allowance increase differentials that would be calculated in the future according to the content of the collective agreement to be concluded in 1997, by virtue of said labor practice, with only the timing of payment and method of calculation being determined at a point in time after the Plaintiffs' retirement.

2. However, this determination by the court below cannot be upheld, for the following reasons.

A. According to the facts found by the court below, it can be seen that the Plaintiffs, upon retiring from the Defendant, received the full amount of wages and retirement allowances lawfully calculated in accordance with the employment contracts, collective agreements, and Remuneration Regulations in effect at the time of their retirement. Therefore, absent special circumstances, the Plaintiffs should, in principle, be unable to claim any further payment of wages or retirement allowances from the Defendant. Moreover, a collective agreement is, by its nature, an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or employers' association concerning working conditions and other matters arising in labor-management relations; where the labor union and the employer conclude a collective agreement retroactively consenting to or approving the standards by which existing working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances are determined, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are engaged in work at the enterprise and thus subject to the application of the agreement after its implementation, and there is no room for such effect to arise with respect to employees who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement; this holds true even where the working conditions were changed in a manner favorable to the employees (see Supreme Court Decision 98Da13747 delivered on June 9, 2000; Supreme Court Decision 98Da13716 delivered on April 10, 2001, etc.). Accordingly, as a matter of law, the Plaintiffs cannot directly demand payment of the wage increase differential and retirement allowance increase differential by invoking the collective agreement of November 19, 1997, which was concluded after their retirement.

B. It is not clear on what facts the labor-management practice relied upon by the court below is based; however, if it refers to the fact that the Defendant retroactively paid the wage increase differential to employees still in service, this is clearly in accordance with the collective agreement concluded between labor and management and the Remuneration Regulations amended thereunder, and there is no room for any labor-management practice to be established with respect to that. Furthermore, if the labor-management practice relied upon by the court below refers to the fact that the Defendant voluntarily and additionally paid the wage increase differential and retirement allowance increase differential even to employees who had already retired, this is merely an external circumstance that existed between the already-retired employees and the Defendant Corporation as their former employer, rather than a fact that existed between the labor union or a group of employees and the employer, and therefore, a labor-management practice between the labor union or a group of employees and the employer cannot be established on that basis either.

C. Nevertheless, it may be recognized that the Plaintiffs, while still in service with the Defendant, held an expectation, based on the fact that the Defendant had paid the wage and retirement allowance increase differentials to already-retired employees as described above, that they too would receive the same treatment upon their retirement. However, in order for such an expectation to constitute a conditional claim as recognized by the court below, there must have been established, in a normative sense, between the Defendant and its employees in service, a labor-management practice to the effect that "the collective agreement also applies to retired employees." In order for a particular practice existing within an enterprise to be deemed to constitute part of the content of an employment contract, such practice must be clearly recognized generally within the business community as a normative fact governing labor relations, or must be supported by a sense of normative obligation to such an extent that it can be said to have been established as a de facto institution within the enterprise, having been accepted as a matter of course by the members of the enterprise generally without anyone raising any objection (see Supreme Court Decision 92Da11695 delivered on January 26, 1993). However, in light of the fact that a collective agreement, by its inherent nature, extends its effect only to the members who are parties to the agreement, and the fact that employees who have already retired cannot, in principle, participate in, or instigate or incite, collective bargaining between the labor union and the employer (Article 40 of the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합및노동관계조정법)), it must be concluded that the sense of normative obligation itself, which is a requirement for the establishment of a labor-management practice of the kind described above, cannot be recognized; and since there is no material in the record showing otherwise that such a sense of normative obligation existed, it cannot be concluded, on this premise, that the conditional claim set forth by the court below was established.

3. Nevertheless, the court below granted the Plaintiffs' claim in this case in full based solely on the reasons set forth above; this constitutes an error of law that misapprehends the legal principles concerning the effect of collective agreements and the establishment of labor-management practices, and such error has affected the judgment. The argument in the grounds of appeal pointing this out is with merit.

4. Therefore, without examining the remaining grounds of appeal, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous consent of the participating Justices.

Justice Lee Yong-woo (Presiding Justice), Justice Seo Seong, Justice Bae Gi-won, Justice Park Jae-yun (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 원래 단체협약이란 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자측과 기존의 임금·근로시간·퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하면서 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대해서만 생기고 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없으며, 근로조건이 근로자에게 유리하게 변경된 경우라 하더라도 다를 바 없다.

[2] 기업의 내부에 존재하는 특정의 관행이 근로계약의 내용을 이루고 있다고 하기 위하여는 그러한 관행이 기업 사회에서 일반적으로 근로관계를 규율하는 규범적인 사실로서 명확히 승인되거나 기업의 구성원에 의하여 일반적으로 아무도 이의를 제기하지 아니한 채 당연한 것으로 받아들여져서 기업 내에서 사실상의 제도로서 확립되어 있다고 할 수 있을 정도의 규범의식에 의하여 지지되고 있어야 한다.

[3] 사용자가 이미 퇴직한 근로자들에게 퇴직 이후에 체결된 단체협약에 의한 임금인상분 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 추가 지급한 관행이 있었으나 그것은 노동조합 또는 근로자집단과 사용자 사이의 규범의식이 있는 노사관행으로는 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제33조

[2] 민법 제106조, 근로기준법 제24조

[3] 민법 제106조, 노동조합및노동관계조정법 제33조, 근로기준법 제24조

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1992. 7. 24. 선고 91다34073 판결(공1992, 2516), 대법원 2000. 6. 9. 선고 98다13747 판결(공2000하, 1588), 대법원 2001. 4. 10. 선고 98다13716 판결 / [2] 대법원 1993. 1. 26. 선고 92다11695 판결(1993상, 854)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 4,028자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고 1 외 137인 (소송대리인 변호사 조창기)

【피고, 상고인】 한국전력공사 (소송대리인 세계종합법무법인 담당변호사 이임성)

【원심판결】 서울고법 2000. 8. 10. 선고 2000나8009 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】1. 원심판결 이유에 의하면 원심은, 원고들이 피고 공사에 입사하여 근무하다가 1997. 1. 17.부터 같은 해 11. 16.까지 사이에 퇴직한 사실, 피고는 1961. 창사 이래 원고들이 퇴직하기 직전 연도인 1996.까지 노사간에 해당 연도의 특정 일에 임금인상을 내용으로 하는 단체협약을 체결하고 이에 따라 피고의 취업규칙인 보수규정을 개정하면서, 재직 직원들에게 해당 연도의 직전 년 12. 16.부터 해당 연의 단체협약 체결일 전일까지 그 직전 연도의 보수규정에 따라 지급된 임금과 같은 기간 동안 개정된 보수규정에 따라 지급되었을 임금과의 차액(임금인상분 차액)을 소급 정산하여 추가 지급하였으며, 같은 기간 동안에 피고 공사로부터 퇴직한 직원들에게도 임금인상분 차액 및 이러한 차액을 원래의 지급기일에 지급받았더라면 이를 기초로 산정되었을 퇴직금액과의 차액(퇴직금인상분 차액)을 추가로 지급하여 왔는데, 위 1996.까지 이러한 조치에 대하여 노사 쌍방으로부터 아무런 이의도 제기되지 아니한 사실, 그런데 피고는 1997. 11. 19. 단체협약을 체결하고 이에 따라 보수규정을 개정한 후 위 단체협약 체결일 당시에 재직중인 직원들에게 1996. 12. 16.부터 위 단체협약 체결일 전일까지 발생한 임금인상분 차액을 소급 정산하여 1997. 12. 12. 지급하였으나, 같은 기간 동안에 퇴직한 원고들에게는 같은 기간 동안 발생한 임금인상분 차액과 이에 기초한 퇴직금인상분 차액을 지급하지 아니한 사실을 인정한 다음, 피고의 노사간에는 창사 이래 해당 연도의 임금을 인상하기로 하는 내용의 단체협약이 체결되면 단체협약 체결일 당시 재직중인 직원들 및 그 직전 년 12. 16.부터 해당 연도 단체협약 체결일 전일까지 사이에 퇴직한 직원들에게 해당 연도에 체결된 단체협약에 따라 산정된 임금인상분 차액을 추가 지급하고 나아가 퇴직한 직원들에게는 위에서 본 바와 같은 퇴직금인상분 차액을 추가 지급하는 관행이 존재하여 왔고, 이에 대하여 노사 쌍방으로부터 아무런 이의도 제기되지 아니하였으므로, 피고의 노사간에는 위와 같은 방식에 의한 임금 추가 지급이 하나의 묵시적 규범으로 인식되어 정착되기에 이른 이른바 노동관행이 성립되었다고 볼 수 있어 피고가 단체협약에 따라 산정된 임금 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 추가 지급하던 종전의 노동관행에 반하여 그 지급을 중단하려면 근로자 과반수로 조직된 노동조합의 동의를 얻는 등의 절차를 거쳤어야 한다 할 것인데, 그러한 절차를 거쳤다는 점에 대한 아무런 주장·입증이 없으므로, 피고는 원고들에게 종전의 노동관행에 따라 위 1997. 11. 19. 자 단체협약에 의하여 산정된 임금 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 추가 지급할 의무가 있다고 판단하였다.

그런 다음 원심은, 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 직원에게는 단체협약의 효력이 미치지 아니하므로 1997. 11. 19. 단체협약이 체결되기 전에 이미 퇴직한 원고들에게 위 단체협약에 따라 산정된 임금 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 지급할 의무가 없다는 피고의 주장에 대하여는, 원고들이 피고를 퇴직할 당시에 위에서 본 바와 같은 노동관행이 존재하고 있었던 이상 위 노동관행에 의하여 원고들은 퇴직 당시에 이미 피고에 대하여 1997년도에 체결될 단체협약의 내용에 따라 장차 산정될 임금 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 청구할 조건부채권을 가지고 있었고, 다만 각 그 지급시기와 산정방법이 원고들의 퇴직 이후 시점에 결정되는 것에 불과하다는 이유로, 피고의 위 주장을 배척하였다.

2. 그러나 이러한 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유에서 수긍할 수 없다.

가. 원심이 인정한 사실관계에 의하면, 원고들은 피고를 퇴직하면서 그 퇴직 당시에 효력을 가지고 있던 근로계약, 단체협약 및 보수규정에 따라 적법하게 산정된 임금 및 퇴직금 전액을 지급받은 사실을 알 수 있으므로, 특별한 사정이 없는 한, 원고들로서는 피고에 대하여 더 이상의 임금이나 퇴직금의 지급을 청구할 수 없는 것이 원칙이다. 또, 원래 단체협약이란 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자측과 기존의 임금·근로시간·퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하면서 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대해서만 생기고 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없으며, 근로조건이 근로자에게 유리하게 변경된 경우라 하더라도 다를 바 없는 것이므로(대법원 2000. 6. 9. 선고 98다13747 판결, 2001. 4. 10. 선고 98다13716 판결 등 참조), 법률상, 원고들로서는 퇴직 이후에 체결된 위 1997. 11. 19. 자 단체협약을 내세워 곧바로 임금인상분 및 퇴직금인상분 차액의 지급을 구할 수도 없는 것이다.

나. 원심이 내세우는 노사관행이 어떠한 사실에 근거한 것인지는 분명하지 아니하나, 그것이 만약 피고가 재직 근로자들에게 임금인상분 차액을 소급하여 지급한 사실을 말하는 것이라면, 이는 노사간에 체결된 단체협약 및 이에 따라 개정된 보수규정에 따른 것임이 분명하므로, 거기에 무슨 노사관행이 성립할 여지가 없다. 또한 원심이 내세우는 노사관행이 피고가 이미 퇴직한 근로자들에게까지 임의로 임금인상분 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 추가 지급하여 준 사실을 말하는 것이라면, 그것은 노동조합 또는 근로자 집단과 사용자 사이에 있었던 사실이 아니라, 이미 퇴직한 근로자들과 사용자였던 피고 공사 사이에 있었던 외부적 사정에 불과하므로, 그로써 노동조합 또는 근로자 집단과 사용자 사이의 노사관행이 성립할 수도 없는 것이다.

다. 다만, 원고들로서는 피고에 재직할 당시 피고가 이미 퇴직한 근로자들에게 위와 같이 임금 및 퇴직금인상분 차액을 지급하여 온 사실에 기하여 자기들도 퇴직하게 되면 같은 대우를 받을 것이라는 기대를 가지고 있었다고 볼 수는 있으나, 이러한 기대가 원심이 인정하는 바와 같은 조건부채권이 되기 위해서는 피고와 그 재직 근로자들 사이에서 규범적으로 "단체협약이 퇴직자에게도 적용된다."는 내용의 노사관행이 성립되어 있었어야 할 것이다. 그런데 기업의 내부에 존재하는 특정의 관행이 근로계약의 내용을 이루고 있다고 하기 위하여는 그러한 관행이 기업 사회에서 일반적으로 근로관계를 규율하는 규범적인 사실로서 명확히 승인되거나 기업의 구성원에 의하여 일반적으로 아무도 이의를 제기하지 아니한 채 당연한 것으로 받아들여져서 기업 내에서 사실상의 제도로서 확립되어 있다고 할 수 있을 정도의 규범의식에 의하여 지지되고 있어야 하나(대법원 1993. 1. 26. 선고 92다11695 판결 참조), 단체협약이 그 본래적인 성질에 있어서 협약 당사자인 구성원에게만 그 효력이 미치는 점, 이미 퇴직한 근로자는 원칙적으로 노동조합과 사용자 사이의 단체교섭에 간여하거나 이를 조종·선동할 수 없는 점(노동조합및노동관계조정법 제40조) 등에 비추어 보면, 위와 같은 내용의 노사관행은 그 성립요건인 규범의식 자체가 인정될 수 없는 것이고, 기록상 달리 위와 같은 규범의식이 있었다고 볼 자료가 없으므로, 이를 전제로 하여 원심이 설시한 조건부채권의 성립을 단정할 수도 없다.

3. 그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 앞서 본 이유만으로 원고들의 이 사건 청구를 그대로 인용하고 말았으니, 여기에는 단체협약의 효력 및 노사관행의 성립에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결에 영향을 미친 위법이 있다 할 것이고, 이 점을 지적하는 상고이유의 주장은 이유가 있다.

4. 그러므로 나머지 상고이유에 대한 판단을 생략한 채 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 이용우(재판장) 서성 배기원 박재윤(주심)

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