Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 91다34073

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1992. 07. 24. Court대법원Mixed ruling: Partially reversed and remanded (파기환송), partially dismissed (상고기각) — the outcome differed depending on each worker's retirement date relative to the collective agreement's effective date.
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This Supreme Court (대법원) decision addressed a dispute over severance pay rates after a labor union retroactively agreed, through a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약), to change the severance pay rate. The Court held that this retroactive agreement did not affect employees who had already left the company before the agreement was concluded, but it did apply to employees who retired after the agreement took effect, meaning they were subject to the newly revised, lower severance pay rate.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A labor union retroactively agreed via a collective bargaining agreement (단체협약) to change the severance pay (퇴직금) rate, but retired workers demanded severance pay based on the previous, higher rate.
  • OutcomeResult: The Court ruled that the revised rate did not apply to workers who had already retired before the agreement was signed, but did apply to workers who retired after the agreement took effect.
  • LessonLesson: Retroactive consent in a collective bargaining agreement only binds employees who retire after the agreement is concluded, so employers and workers must carefully verify the exact retirement date to determine which severance pay rate applies.
Issues
  • Whether a collective bargaining agreement's retroactive consent to changed working conditions extends to employees who retired before the agreement was concluded.
  • Whether a general retroactive approval clause in the supplementary provisions of a collective bargaining agreement should be interpreted as covering changes to the severance pay rate specifically.
Key reasoning

The Court reasoned that a retroactive agreement made through a collective bargaining agreement can only bind employees who are still employed and subject to the agreement's terms at the time it takes effect. Employees who had already retired before the agreement was signed fall outside its scope, since the agreement cannot reach back to alter rights that were already fixed at the time of their retirement. However, if the supplementary provisions of the collective bargaining agreement contain no specific clause excluding changes to the severance pay rate, such provisions should be interpreted as including retroactive consent to the rate change. Therefore, employees who retired after the agreement's effective date are bound by the revised, lower rate, even if the change was formally agreed upon after their employment relationship had already ended in terms of calculation but not in terms of retirement timing.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. A collective agreement (단체협약) is an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or an employer association concerning working conditions and other matters arising from labor-management relations. Where a labor union concludes a collective agreement with the employer side that retroactively consents to or approves the criteria for determining existing working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are employed at the business establishment after the collective agreement takes effect and who are to be subject to the agreement; there is no room for such effect to arise with respect to employees who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement.

b. Where the supplementary provisions of a collective agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer provide that "all matters arising before the effective date of this collective agreement shall be deemed governed by this agreement," and the collective agreement contains no provision specifically excluding matters concerning the amendment of the rules of employment (취업규칙) for changing the retirement allowance payment rate, it must be construed that the labor union thereby retroactively consented, by virtue of the collective agreement, to the change in the retirement allowance payment rate as well. It should not be construed, contrary to this, that the meaning of the supplementary provisions of the collective agreement is to approve its effect only prospectively.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,742 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellees]

[Defendant, Appellant] Small and Medium Business Corporation (중소기업진흥공단), Attorney Ko Jae-hyeok, Counsel for the Defendant

[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 91Na20830 rendered on August 30, 1991

[Order]

The part of the judgment below concerning the Defendant's losing portion as to Plaintiff 9, Plaintiff 10, Plaintiff 11, Plaintiff 12, Plaintiff 13, and Plaintiff 14 is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.
The Defendant's remaining appeal against the other Plaintiffs is entirely dismissed, and the costs of this part of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. As to the grounds of appeal by Defendant's counsel concerning Plaintiff 1, Plaintiff 2, Plaintiff 3, Plaintiff 4, Plaintiff 5, Plaintiff 6, Plaintiff 7, and Plaintiff 8,

A collective agreement is an agreement concluded between a labor union and an employer or employers' association concerning wages, working hours, and other matters arising from the labor-management relationship. Where a labor union concludes a collective agreement with the employer side that retroactively consents to or approves the existing standards for determining working conditions such as wages, working hours, and retirement allowances, the effect of such consent or approval arises only with respect to union members or employees who are employed at the business and subject to the application of the agreement after the collective agreement takes effect; there is no room for such effect to extend to employees who had already retired before the conclusion of the collective agreement.

According to the reasoning of the first instance judgment as cited by the court below, the court below duly found that although the supplementary provisions on transitional measures of the collective agreement concluded between the Defendant Corporation and its labor union on April 15, 1989 approved the existing working conditions, the above Plaintiffs had already retired from the Defendant Corporation before the collective agreement took effect, and accordingly determined that the collective agreement had no room for application to the above Plaintiffs. This determination is justified. The ground of appeal to the effect that, because the Defendant Corporation's labor union retroactively consented through the collective agreement to the April 29, 1982 amendment of the retirement allowance payment regulations, the amended retirement allowance payment regulations should also be effective with respect to the above Plaintiffs who had retired before that amendment, is an independent view that cannot be accepted. This ground of appeal is without merit.

2. As to the grounds of appeal by Defendant's counsel concerning Plaintiff 9, Plaintiff 10, Plaintiff 11, Plaintiff 12, Plaintiff 13, and Plaintiff 14,

According to the reasoning of the first instance judgment as cited by the court below, the court below found the following facts: that on April 29, 1982, the Defendant amended the retirement allowance payment regulations to lower the retirement allowance payment rate, which is a factor in calculating the retirement allowance of the Defendant Corporation's employees, only through a resolution of the board of directors without any process of hearing the opinions of or obtaining the consent of the Defendant Corporation's employees, and implemented the amendment after obtaining approval from the Ministry of Commerce and Industry; and that thereafter, the employees of the Defendant Corporation established a labor union around December 21, 1988, and on April 15, 1989, concluded a collective agreement with the Defendant Corporation, Article 4 of which provided that "the Defendant Corporation may not lower the working conditions already in force under any pretext whatsoever," while Article 4 of the Supplementary Provisions, as a transitional provision, provided that "all matters arising before the effective date of the above collective agreement shall be deemed governed by the above agreement," and that this took effect on the same date.

The court below then determined as follows: although the authority to prepare and amend the rules of employment belongs, in principle, to the employer, in order to disadvantageously change the existing working conditions prescribed in the rules of employment, the consent of the group of workers subject to the application of the former rules of employment, obtained through a collective decision-making method, is required; such method of consent must be, where there exists a labor union organized by a majority of the workers, the consent of that labor union, and where there is no such labor union, the consent obtained through a meeting method of the workers; and rules of employment lacking such consent have no effect. Since it is clear that the above amended retirement allowance payment regulations were changed disadvantageously to the employees compared to those before the amendment in terms of the calculation of the retirement allowance payment rate, the above amended retirement allowance payment regulations are invalid. However, inasmuch as Article 4 of the Supplementary Provisions of the collective agreement concluded between the Defendant Corporation and its labor union on April 15, 1989 approved all existing working conditions, it is reasonable to view that the effect of the above amended retirement allowance payment regulations was thereby also approved; but it is reasonable to interpret the purport of the above agreement provision not as retroactively depriving employees of vested rights acquired before the effective date of the above collective agreement, but merely as approving the effect of the amended retirement allowance payment regulations prospectively. Accordingly, the court below determined that, for the period of service up to April 14, 1989, the day before the above agreement took effect, the pre-amendment retirement allowance payment regulations should apply.

However, according to the record, the Defendant Corporation's labor union was established on December 21, 1988, and thereafter concluded its first collective agreement with the Defendant Corporation on April 15, 1989. The provision of Article 4 of the Supplementary Provisions of the above collective agreement appears to have been intended to have the labor union retroactively approve the effect of all matters, including working conditions, that arose in the labor-management relationship from the establishment of the Defendant Corporation on January 4, 1979 until the conclusion of the above collective agreement. Since the above collective agreement did not contain any provision specifically excluding the matter of the April 29, 1982 amendment of the rules of employment concerning the change in the retirement allowance payment rate, it should be interpreted that the labor union also retroactively consented, by means of the above collective agreement, to the change in the retirement allowance payment rate. It is not appropriate to interpret the meaning of the Supplementary Provisions of the above collective agreement, as the court below did, as approving its effect only prospectively.

{Even if the change in the retirement allowance payment rate did not satisfy the requirements for validity applicable to a disadvantageous change of the rules of employment, where the employees subsequently retroactively consent thereto, a difference will arise in the retirement allowance payment rate applicable as between employees who retired between the time of the change and the time of the consent, and employees who retired after the consent; however, since the right to claim a retirement allowance is a right in the nature of deferred wages that arises only upon retirement (see Supreme Court Decision 90Da14560 rendered on June 28, 1991), such a result is unavoidable.}

Therefore, since the Defendant Corporation's labor union, by means of the collective agreement dated April 15, 1989, retroactively consented to the April 29, 1982 amendment of the retirement allowance payment regulations, the amended retirement allowance payment rate should apply, from the time the amended retirement allowance payment regulations took effect, to employees who retired after the collective agreement took effect; accordingly, the amended retirement allowance payment rate under the amended retirement allowance payment regulations should also apply to the calculation of the retirement allowances of the above Plaintiffs. Nevertheless, the court below misconstrued the provisions of the Supplementary Provisions of the above collective agreement and applied to the above Plaintiffs the pre-amendment retirement allowance payment rate for the period from the amendment of the retirement allowance payment regulations until before the collective agreement took effect, thereby committing an error that affected the outcome of the judgment. This ground of appeal is therefore well-founded.

3. Accordingly, since the Defendant's appeal as to Plaintiff 9, Plaintiff 10, Plaintiff 11, Plaintiff 12, Plaintiff 13, and Plaintiff 14 is well-founded, the part of the judgment below concerning the Defendant's losing portion as to the above Plaintiffs is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below. Since the Defendant's remaining appeal as to the other Plaintiffs is without merit, it is entirely dismissed, and the costs of this part of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant, the losing party. The Justices concerned are unanimous in their opinion, and it is so ordered as stated in the Order.

Justice Kim Sang-won (Presiding Justice), Park Woo-dong, Yoon Young-cheol, Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 단체협약은 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자측과 기존의 임금, 근로시간, 퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하며 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대하여만 생기고, 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없다.

나. 노동조합이 사용자와 체결한 단체협약 부칙에 “단체협약 시행일 이전에 발생한 모든 사항은 이 협약에 의한 것으로 본다”고 규정한 경우 위 단체협약에서 특별히 퇴직금 지급률의 변경을 위한 취업규칙의 개정에 관한 사항을 배제하는 내용의 규정을 두지 않았으므로 노동조합은 위 단체협약에 의하여 퇴직금 지급률의 변경에 관하여도 소급적으로 동의한 것이라고 해석하여야 할 것이고, 이와 달리 위 단체협약 부칙의 의미를 장래에 향하여만 효력을 승인한 것이라고 볼 것은 아니다.

【참조조문】

가.나. 노동조합법 제36조 / 나. 근로기준법 제28조, 제95조

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,352자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 중소기업진흥공단 소송대리인 변호사 고재혁

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.8.30. 선고 91나20830 판결

【주 문】

원심판결 중 원고 9, 원고 10, 원고 11, 원고 12, 원고 13, 원고 14에 대한 피고패소부분을 파기하고 이 부분 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

피고의 나머지 원고들에 대한 상고를 모두 기각하고, 이 부분 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 피고 소송대리인의 원고 1, 원고 2, 원고 3, 원고 4, 원고 5, 원고 6, 원고 7, 원고 8에 대한 상고이유에 관하여,

단체협약은 노동조합이 사용자 또는 사용자단체와 근로조건 기타 노사관계에서 발생하는 사항에 관하여 체결하는 협정으로서, 노동조합이 사용자측과 기존의 임금, 근로시간, 퇴직금 등 근로조건을 결정하는 기준에 관하여 소급적으로 동의하거나 이를 승인하는 내용의 단체협약을 체결한 경우에 그 동의나 승인의 효력은 단체협약이 시행된 이후에 그 사업체에 종사하며 그 협약의 적용을 받게 될 노동조합원이나 근로자들에 대하여만 생기고, 단체협약 체결 이전에 이미 퇴직한 근로자에게는 위와 같은 효력이 생길 여지가 없다고 할 것이다.

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고 공단과 그 노동조합이 1989.4.15.에 체결한 단체협약 부칙의 경과조치에 관한 규정에서 기존의 근로조건을 승인하고 있으나 위 원고들은 단체협약이 시행되기 이전에 이미 피고 공단으로부터 퇴직한 사실을 적법히 인정한 후 위 원고들에 대해서는 위 단체협약이 적용될 여지가 없다고 판단하였는바 이는 정당하고, 이와 달리 피고 공단 노동조합이 위 단체협약으로서 1982.4.29.자 퇴직금 지급규정의 개정에 소급적으로 동의하였으므로 그 이전에 퇴직한 위 원고들에 대한 관계에 있어서도 위 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정이 유효하다는 취지의 상고이유는 독자적인 견해로서 받아들일 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 피고 소송대리인의 원고 9, 원고 10, 원고 11, 원고 12, 원고 13, 원고 14에 관한 상고이유에 대하여,

원심이 인용한 제1심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은 피고가 1982.4.29.자로 피고 공단 직원들의 퇴직금 산정요소인 퇴직금 지급률을 하향조정하는 내용의 퇴직금 지급규정을 개정하면서 피고 공단 소속 직원들의 의견청취나 동의절차 없이 이사회의 의결만을 거친 후 상공부의 승인을 얻어 시행한 사실과 그 후 피고 공단의 직원들이 1988.12.21.경 노동조합을 설립하고 1989.4.15.피고 공단과 단체협약을 체결하면서 그 협약 제4조에서 「피고 공단은 이미 실시하고 있는 근로조건을 어떤 명목으로도 저하시킬 수 없다」고 규정하는 한편 경과규정으로 부칙 제4조에서 「위 단체협약 시행일 이전에 발생한 모든 사항은 위 협약에 의한 것으로 본다」고 규정하고 이를 같은 날부터 시행한 사실을 인정한 다음, 취업규칙의 작성 변경권은 원칙적으로 사용자에게 있다고 할 것이지만 취업규칙에 정한 기존의 근로조건의 내용을 불이익하게 변경하려면 종전 취업규칙의 적용을 받는 근로자 집단의 집단적 의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 요하는데 그 동의 방법은 근로자의 과반수로 조직된 노동조합이 있는 경우에는 그 노동조합의, 그러한 노동조합이 없는 경우에는 근로자들의 회의방식에 의한 동의에 의하여야 할 것이고 그러한 동의가 없는 취업규칙은 효력이 없다고 할 것인 바, 위 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정은 개정 전의 그것보다 퇴직금 지급률의 계산에 있어서 직원들에게 불리하게 변경되었음이 명백하므로 위 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정은 무효이고, 다만 피고 공단과 그 노동조합이 1989.4.15.에 체결한 단체협약 부칙 제4조에서 기존의 근로조건을 모두 승인하고 있는 이상 위 개정된 퇴직금지급규정에 대하여도 그 효력을 승인한 것이라고 봄이 상당하지만 위 협약 규정의 취지는 위 단체협약 시행일 이전에 취득한 근로자의 기득권을 소급하여 박탈하는 것이 아니라 장래에 향하여 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정의 효력을 승인한 것에 불과하다고 해석함이 상당하므로 위 협약이 시행되기 전인 1989.4.14.까지의 근속기간에 대하여는 개정전의 퇴직금 지급규정이 적용되어야 한다고 판단하였다.

그러나 기록에 의하면 피고 공단 노동조합은 1988.12.21.에 설립된 다음 1989.4.15.에 피고 공단과 최초의 단체협약을 체결한 것으로서, 위 단체협약 부칙 제4조의 규정을 둔 것은 피고 공단이 1979.1.4. 설립된 이후 위 단체협약 체결시까지 사이에 노사관계에서 발생하였던 근로조건 등의 모든 사항에 관하여 노동조합이 그 효력을 소급적으로 승인하는 취지라고 보여지는바, 위 단체협약에서 특별히 퇴직금 지급률의 변경을 위한 위 1982.4.29.자 취업규칙의 개정에 관한 사항을 배제하는 내용의 규정을 두지 않았으므로 노동조합은 위 단체협약에 의하여 퇴직금 지급률의 변경에 관하여도 소급적으로 동의한 것이라고 해석하여야 할 것이고, 이와 달리 위 단체협약 부칙의 의미를 원심과 같이 장래에 향하여만 효력을 승인한 것이라고 볼 것은 아니다. {퇴직금지급률의 변경이 취업규칙을 불이익하게 변경하는 경우의 유효요건을 갖추지 않았더라도 사후에 근로자들이 이에 관하여 소급적으로 동의한 경우에는 그 변경 이후부터 동의하기 전까지 사이에 퇴직한 근로자와 그 동의 후에 퇴직한 근로자 사이에 적용할 퇴직금 지급률에서 차이가 생기게 되지만 퇴직금청구권은 후불적 임금으로서 퇴직시에 비로소 발생하는 권리 (당원 1991.6.28.선고 90다14560 판결 참조)이므로 그와 같은 결과는 불가피하다고 할 것이다}

따라서 피고 공단 노동조합이 1989.4.15.자 단체협약에 의하여 1982.4.29.자 퇴직금 지급규정의 개정에 소급적으로 동의함으로써 단체협약의 시행 후에 퇴직한 직원에 대하여는 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정이 시행된 때부터 개정된 퇴직금 지급률이 적용되어어야 할 것이므로 위 원고들의 퇴직금 산정에 대하여도 개정된 퇴직금 지급규정의 퇴직금 지급률이 적용되어야 할 것인데도, 원심은 위 단체협약 부칙의 규정을 잘못 해석하여 위 원고들에게 퇴직금 지급규정의 개정 이후부터 단체협약 시행전까지에 대하여 개정 전 퇴직금 지급규정의 퇴직금 지급률을 적용함으로써 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법을 저질렀다고 할 것이어서, 이 점에 관한 논지는 이유 있다.

3. 그러므로 피고의 원고 9, 원고 10, 원고 11, 원고 12, 원고 13, 원고 14에 대한 상고는 이유 있으므로 원심판결 중 위 원고들에 대한 피고 패소부분을 파기하여 이 부분 사건을 원심법원에 환송하고, 피고의 나머지 원고들에 대한 상고는 이유 없으므로 이를 모두 기각하며 이 부분 상고비용은 패소자인 피고의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 김상원(재판장) 박우동 윤영철 박만호

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