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대법원 91누11308

Revocation of Dismissal Disposition해임처분취소

Decided1992. 06. 26. Court대법원Employer (Government) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

In this case, public school teachers who were dismissed for joining the Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union (전국교직원노동조합, 'Jeongyojo') sought to have their dismissal disposition (해임처분) cancelled. The Supreme Court ruled that the statutory ban on labor movement activities by national public officials is constitutional, and that the dismissals were lawful. As a result, the teachers' final appeal (상고) was dismissed in its entirety, and the dismissal dispositions were upheld.

Key takeaways
  • Case사건: 전교조에 가입한 교육공무원들이 해임처분을 받자 그 취소를 구한 사건
  • Outcome결과: 대법원은 공무원의 노동운동 금지는 합헌이며, 반복 경고에도 불구하고 불법 노조에 가입한 행위는 해임에 상당한다고 판단
  • Lesson교훈: 공무원은 노동조합 가입이 법적으로 금지되어 있으므로, 경고를 받으면 즉시 탈퇴해야 해임처분을 피할 수 있음
Issues
  • Whether the provision banning labor movement activities by national public officials under Article 66(1) of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법) violates the Constitution
  • Whether the dismissal of public school teachers for joining the Jeongyojo union was lawful, and what are the limits of the disciplinary authority's discretion
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court held that the provision prohibiting labor movement activities by national public officials does not violate the Constitution. It further found that where public officials repeatedly ignored warnings and joined an illegal union without acknowledging any wrongdoing, dismissal was a proportionate disciplinary response. While the disciplinary authority (징계권자) is granted discretion in imposing sanctions, the Court noted that this discretion must be exercised within the limits of the public interest principle, the proportionality principle, and the equality principle. Applying these standards, the Court concluded that the dismissals in this case did not exceed the bounds of lawful discretion.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

a. The main text of Article 66(1) of the National Civil Service Act (국가공무원법), which provides that national public officials shall not engage in collective actions such as labor movements, cannot be deemed to violate Article 11(1), Article 21(1), Article 31(4), Article 33(1), and Article 37(2) of the Constitution.

b. Even though the exercise of disciplinary authority is left to the discretion of the appointing authority, where such exercise violates the principle of public interest that disciplinary power should be exercised for public interest purposes, or violates the principle of proportionality by selecting an excessively harsh disciplinary measure that is disproportionate to the degree of misconduct generally regarded as grounds for discipline, or violates the principle of equality by selecting a disciplinary measure that is unfair, without reasonable grounds, in that it departs from the standards generally applied to misconduct of the same degree, such disciplinary action is unlawful as exceeding the limits of discretionary authority.

c. In a case where an educational public official, despite having been guided on several occasions by the school principal and others regarding the illegality of the Korean Teachers and Education Workers' Union (전국교직원노동조합) and the fact that participation in forming its branch would result in legal action being taken against him, intentionally participated in forming a branch of the said union, and did not acknowledge his wrongdoing even up until the time of the disciplinary action, the court held that even if the motive for joining the said union stemmed from an educator's conscience aimed at securing teachers' right to survival and resolving serious educational problems, the dismissal disposition based on the above grounds was deemed reasonable, and therefore there was no illegality of deviation from or abuse of discretionary authority in the disciplinary action.

Full text (English, AI translation) 3,256 chars

[Plaintiffs, Appellants]

[Defendant, Appellee] Superintendent of the Seoul Metropolitan Board of Education, Litigation Representative Attorney Ahn Yi-jun

[Court Below] Seoul High Court Decision 89Gu14047, decided October 1, 1991

[Order]

All appeals are dismissed.

The costs of appeal are to be borne by the plaintiffs.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. As to Ground No. 1

The main text of Article 66, Paragraph 1 of the State Public Officials Act (국가공무원법), which provides that state public officials shall not engage in collective activities such as labor movements, cannot be deemed to violate Article 11, Paragraph 1; Article 21, Paragraph 1; Article 31, Paragraph 4; Article 33, Paragraph 1; and Article 37, Paragraph 2 of the Constitution (헌법) (see this Court's Decision 90Do332, decided April 10, 1990; Constitutional Court Decision 90Heonba27, etc., decided April 28, 1992, each referred to). The judgment of the court below, which is to the same effect, is justified, and the argument criticizing it is without merit.

2. As to Ground No. 2

Even where the exercise of disciplinary authority is left to the discretion of the appointing authority, such a disciplinary action shall be deemed unlawful as exceeding the limits of discretion where it violates the principle of public interest requiring that disciplinary authority be exercised for public purposes, or violates the principle of proportionality by selecting an excessively severe disciplinary measure that is disproportionate to the degree of the misconduct generally regarded as grounds for discipline, or violates the principle of equality by selecting a disciplinary measure that, without reasonable grounds, deviates from and is inconsistent with the standards generally applied to misconduct of the same degree (see this Court's Decision 84Nu516, decided January 29, 1985). However, according to the reasoning of the judgment below, the plaintiffs, despite having been instructed on several occasions by their respective school principals, etc., that the Korean Teachers and Educational Workers' Union (hereinafter referred to as "Jeongyojo") was illegal and that participation in its formation would result in legal action being taken against them, intentionally participated in the formation of a Jeongyojo chapter, and have not acknowledged their wrongdoing even up to the time of the disciplinary actions in this case. Therefore, even if the plaintiffs' motive for joining Jeongyojo stemmed from an educator's conscience aimed at guaranteeing teachers' right to subsistence and resolving serious educational problems, it is deemed reasonable that the defendant dismissed the plaintiffs on the aforementioned grounds. Accordingly, the lower court's determination that there was no illegality in the form of deviation from or abuse of discretionary authority in the disciplinary actions at issue in this case is justified, and the argument on this point is also without merit.

Therefore, all appeals are dismissed, and the costs of appeal are to be borne by the losing parties. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the participating Justices.

Justice Yoon Young-chul (Presiding Justice), Kim Sang-won, Park Man-ho

【판결요지】

가. 국가공무원으로 하여금 노동운동 등 집단적 행위를 하지 못하도록 규정한 국가공무원법 제66조 제1항 본문은 헌법 제11조 제1항, 제21조 제1항, 제31조 제4항, 제33조 제1항, 제37조 제2항에 위반된다고 볼 수 없다.

나. 징계권의 행사가 임용권자의 재량에 맡겨진 것이라고 하여도 공익적 목적을 위하여 징계권을 행사하여야 할 공익의 원칙에 반하거나 일반적으로 징계사유로 삼은 비행의 정도에 비하여 균형을 잃은 과중한 징계처분을 선택함으로써 비례의 원칙에 위반하거나 또는 합리적인 사유 없이 같은 정도의 비행에 대하여 일반적으로 적용하여 온 기준과 어긋나게 공평을 잃은 징계처분을 선택함으로써 평등의 원칙에 위반한 경우에 이러한 징계처분은 재량권의 한계를 벗어난 처분으로서 위법하다.

다. 교육공무원이 학교장 등으로부터 수차에 걸쳐 전국교직원노동조합의 불법성과 그 조합결성에 참여할 경우 의법처리된다는 지도를 받고도 고의적으로 전교조 분회의 결성에 참가하였고, 징계처분에 이르기까지도 자신의 잘못을 인정하지 아니하고 있으므로 비록 위 조합에 가입하게 된 동기가 교원의 생존권보장과 심각한 교육문제의 해결을 위한 교육자적 양심에서 나온 것이라고 하더라도 위와 같은 사유로 해임처분한 것은 상당하다고 보여지며, 따라서 징계처분에 재량권을 일탈하거나 남용한 위법이 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가. 국가공무원법 제66조 제1항, 헌법 제11조 제1항, 제21조 제1항, 제33조 제1항, 제37조 제2항 / 나.다. 국가공무원법 제78조, 행정소송법 제27조

【참조판례】

가. 대법원 1990.4.10. 선고 90도332 판결(공1990,1104), 1991.8.27. 선고 90다8893 판결(공1991,2411), 1992.6.26. 선고 91누11780 판결(공1992,2300), 헌법재판소 1992.4.28. 자 90헌바27 결정(관보 제12131호,126면) / 나. 대법원 1985.1.29. 선고 84누516 판결(공1985,384)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,282자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】

【피고, 피상고인】 서울특별시 교육위원회 교육감 소송대리인 변호사 안이준

【원심판결】 서울고등법원 1991.10.1. 선고 89구14047 판결

【주 문】

상고를 모두 기각한다.

상고비용은 원고들의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 제1점에 대하여,

국가공무원으로 하여금 노동운동 등 집단적 행위를 하지 못하도록 규정한 국가공무원법 제66조 제1항 본문은 헌법 제11조 제1항, 제21조 제1항, 제31조 제4항, 제33조 제1항, 제37조 제2항에 위반된다고 볼 수 없으므로 ( 당원 1990.4.10. 선고 90도332 판결; 헌법재판소 1992.4.28. 자90헌바27 등 결정각 참조) 같은 취지의 원심판단은 정당하고 이를 탓하는 논지는 이유 없다.

2. 제2점에 대하여

징계권의 행사가 임용권자의 재량에 맡겨진 것이라고 하여도 공익적 목적을 위하여 징계권을 행사하여야 할 공익의 원칙에 반하거나 일반적으로 징계사유로 삼은 비행의 정도에 비하여 균형을 잃은 과중한 징계처분을 선택함으로써 비례의 원칙에 위반하거나 또는 합리적인 사유 없이 같은 정도의 비행에 대하여 일반적으로 적용하여 온 기준과 어긋나게 공평을 잃은 징계처분을 선택함으로써 평등의 원칙에 위반한 경우에 이러한 징계처분은 재량권의 한계를 벗어난 처분으로서 위법하다 할 것이나( 당원 1985.1.29. 선고 84누516 판결 참조), 원심판결의 이유에 의하면 원고들은 각 학교장 등으로부터 수차에 걸쳐 전국교직원노동조합(이하 전교조라고 한다)의 불법성과 그 조합결성에 참여할 경우 의법처리된다는 지도를 받고도 고의적으로 전교조 분회의 결성에 참가하였고, 이 사건 각 징계처분에 이르기까지도 자신들의 잘못을 인정하지 아니하고 있으므로 비록 원고들이 전교조에 가입하게 된 동기가 교원의 생존권보장과 심각한 교육문제의 해결을 위한 교육자적 양심에서 나온 것이라고 하더라도 위와 같은 사유로 피고가 원고들을 해임처분한 것은 상당하다고 보여지며, 따라서 이 사건 징계처분에 재량권을 일탈하거나 남용한 위법이 없다고 판단한 원심의 조치는 정당하므로 이점에 관한 논지도 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 모두 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자들의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 윤영철(재판장) 김상원 박만호

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