Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 97다36316

Confirmation of Invalidity of Dismissal (Removal from Office, 파면), etc.파면등무효확인

Decided1997. 12. 12. Court대법원Worker won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A driver employed by an airline company refused to wear an earphone device, citing safety concerns while driving. In response, the company issued a transfer order (전보명령) relocating him from Seoul to Jeju, and when he refused to comply, the company dismissed him through removal from office (파면). The Supreme Court held that the transfer order was invalid because it was issued as retaliatory disciplinary action rather than for legitimate business necessity, and therefore the subsequent dismissal for failing to comply with that invalid order was also invalid.

Key takeaways
  • CaseAn airline driver refused to wear an earphone device for safety reasons, and the company retaliated by ordering his transfer from Seoul to a distant location in Jeju.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled the transfer order invalid as a retaliatory abuse of the employer's authority, and consequently found the worker's subsequent dismissal for non-compliance also invalid.
  • LessonEmployers cannot disguise disciplinary retaliation as a business-necessity transfer, especially when an employee's refusal is based on legitimate safety concerns.
Issues
  • The limits on an employer's right to transfer or reassign employees (전직·전보권) and the criteria for determining the legitimacy of such orders
  • The legal effect of a transfer disposition that is disciplinary in nature rather than based on genuine business necessity
Key reasoning

The Court found that the transfer order was not genuinely motivated by business necessity but was instead a retaliatory measure targeting the worker's reasonable refusal to wear an earphone for safety reasons. The disadvantage and hardship imposed on the worker's personal life by relocating from Seoul to Jeju significantly outweighed any legitimate business need for the transfer. Because the transfer order lacked proportionality and was primarily punitive in intent, it constituted an abuse of the employer's right to reassign employees (권리남용). As the transfer order itself was invalid, the worker's refusal to comply with it could not serve as valid grounds for disciplinary dismissal, rendering the removal from office (파면) also invalid.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] A transfer or reassignment of an employee, in principle, falls within the authority of the employer as the holder of personnel management rights, and therefore considerable discretion should be recognized within the scope necessary for business operations; however, such a transfer is not permitted where there exist special circumstances such as a violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or an abuse of rights. Whether a reassignment order falls within the scope of a legitimate exercise of personnel management rights should be determined by weighing the business necessity of the reassignment order against the disadvantages in the employee's living conditions resulting from the reassignment, and by considering whether procedures required under the good faith principle, such as consultation with the employee concerned, were followed in the process of issuing the reassignment order.

[2] In a case where an airline company instructed an employee working as a driver to wear an earphone to listen to communications for the purpose of noise prevention, but the employee did not comply, citing safe driving as the reason, and the personnel committee thereupon decided to reprimand the employee and transfer him to another department, and issued an order transferring him to the Jeju branch without any prior consultation with the employee whatsoever, the court held as follows: given that changing the employee's place of work from Seoul to Jeju would result in considerable disadvantages to his living conditions in terms of housing, transportation, children's education, and married life, and moreover that the company neither asserted nor proved any specific circumstances demonstrating a need for a driver at the Jeju branch, and that, in principle, drivers at the Jeju branch are hired locally, such that even the Jeju branch accepted the employee only reluctantly, the transfer order against the employee appears to have been made, in substance, as a form of disciplinary action serving as retaliation for the employee's refusal to wear the earphone—a refusal that had considerable rationality—and it cannot be said that the business necessity for the transfer outweighed the degree of disadvantage to the employee's living conditions caused by the transfer; accordingly, the court held that the transfer order against the employee was null and void.

Full text (English, AI translation) 7,259 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee] Plaintiff
[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Airport Corporation (Litigation Representative: Hanmi Joint Law Office, Attorneys Yoo Kyung-hee and 7 others)
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 96Na41603 dated May 27, 1997

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed. The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

1. Transfer or reassignment of an employee falls, in principle, within the authority of the employer, who holds the power of personnel management, and therefore considerable discretion must be recognized within the scope necessary for business operations; however, such measures are not permitted where there exist special circumstances such as violation of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) or constituting an abuse of rights. Whether a reassignment order falls within the legitimate scope of personnel authority must be determined by weighing the business necessity of the reassignment order against the disadvantages in the employee's living circumstances resulting from the reassignment, and by considering whether procedures required under the principle of good faith, such as consultation with the employee concerned, were followed in the course of issuing the reassignment order (see Supreme Court Decision 93Da51263 dated May 9, 1995, etc.).

2. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below found as follows: the Plaintiff joined non-party Korean Air Lines Co., Ltd. as a driver on November 23, 1977, and on September 1, 1986, transferred to and worked for the Defendant, an affiliate of the said company engaged in air cargo unloading and ground handling services, as a driving section chief in the Equipment Support Division; the Defendant, for the purpose of improving the quality of service to passengers using aircraft, instructed and guided ramp bus drivers to make in-flight destination announcements during operation and to wear earphones to listen to internal communications as a means of preventing noise from walkie-talkies used for internal communication, but the Plaintiff did not comply with such instructions; on June 7, 1995, at approximately 15:20, when non-party 1, the Defendant's Equipment Support Section Chief, instructed the Plaintiff and non-parties 2 and 3 to thoroughly comply with the destination announcement and earphone-wearing requirements, the Plaintiff and others refused to wear earphones on the ground of safe driving and protested, demanding to be transferred to another department; it is a fact that the competent authority's view is that a driver's wearing of earphones interferes with safe driving; the Defendant convened a personnel committee on June 12 and June 15 (which appears to be a clerical error for the 14th), 1995, and decided to reprimand the Plaintiff and non-parties 2 and 3 and transfer them to other departments for violation of the above command, and accordingly, on August 23, 1995, issued a transfer order to the Plaintiff to the Jeju Branch; when the Plaintiff sent a letter to the Defendant's representative director protesting that the above transfer order was unjust as an abuse of personnel authority, and did not report for duty at the Jeju Branch but remained absent from work, the Defendant convened a personnel committee on October 9, 1995, and applying the relevant provisions of the personnel regulations and rules of employment which provide that the company may order a change of job type, change of position, or transfer according to business necessity, and that an employee may be dismissed when he/she has been absent without leave continuously for 10 days or more, dismissed the Plaintiff; the Plaintiff, from the time of joining the company until his dismissal, continuously worked in the Seoul area, and on August 23, 1990, in the course of a dispute with his superior, Chief Supervisor non-party 4, over consecutive days off, assaulted non-party 4, inflicting a mandibular fracture requiring six weeks of treatment, for which he received a disciplinary suspension of three months on August 25, 1990; the Plaintiff has a wife and children aged 12 and 15, and has no connection whatsoever with Jeju; and the Defendant, in issuing the above transfer order, did not ascertain the Plaintiff's intentions or engage in consultation to give appropriate consideration to the disadvantages in his living circumstances. Based on these findings, the court below determined that the dismissal in this case constituted an abuse of the right to discipline for the reasons stated in its judgment, and was therefore null and void.

3. Upon examination of the record, the fact-finding of the court below is correct, and there is no illegality therein, such as misapprehension of facts due to violation of the rules of evidence or incomplete deliberation, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

Furthermore, if the facts are as found by the court below, the Plaintiff's refusal to wear earphones appears to have had considerable rationality; nevertheless, the Defendant, at the personnel committee meetings held on June 12 and June 14, 1995, made the Plaintiff's refusal to wear earphones the subject matter of the personnel committee's agenda and decided upon reprimand and transfer to another department, and accordingly, on August 23, 1995, issued a transfer order to the Plaintiff to the Jeju Branch without any prior consultation. If the Plaintiff's place of work were changed from Seoul to Jeju, it appears that he would suffer considerable disadvantages in his living circumstances in terms of housing, transportation, children's education, and married life. Moreover, according to the record, the Defendant neither alleged nor proved specific circumstances demonstrating a need for drivers at the Jeju Branch, and furthermore, drivers at the Jeju Branch are, in principle, hired locally, and it appears that even the Jeju Branch reluctantly accepted the Plaintiff. In light of these circumstances, the transfer order against the Plaintiff in this case appears to have been, in substance, a form of disciplinary action taken as a means of retaliation against the Plaintiff's refusal to wear earphones, which had considerable rationality as noted above, and it cannot be said that the business necessity for this transfer outweighs the degree of disadvantage in living circumstances suffered by the Plaintiff as a result of the transfer; therefore, the transfer order is null and void, and accordingly, the Plaintiff's act of not complying with it cannot be treated as grounds for disciplinary action.

Ultimately, the court below's determination that the dismissal in this case constituted an abuse of the right to discipline and was therefore null and void is correct, and there is no illegality therein due to a misapprehension of the legal principles concerning the validity of dismissal or transfer orders, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.

4. Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the losing party. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating in the adjudication.

Justice Lee Yong-hoon (Presiding Justice), Jeong Gwi-ho, Park Jun-seo (Justice in Charge), Kim Hyeong-seon

【판결요지】

[1] 근로자에 대한 전보나 전직은 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 내에서는 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 할 것이지만, 그것이 근로기준법 등에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등의 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 허용되지 않는다고 할 것인바, 전직처분이 정당한 인사권의 범위 내에 속하는지 여부는 전직명령의 업무상의 필요성과 전직에 따른 근로자의 생활상의 불이익과의 비교교량, 근로자 본인과의 협의 등 전직명령을 하는 과정에서 신의칙상 요구되는 절차를 거쳤는지의 여부 등에 의하여 결정되어야 한다.

[2] 항공회사가 운전원인 근로자에게 소음 방지를 이유로 이어폰을 착용하고 교신을 들을 것을 지시했으나 근로자가 안전운전을 이유로 이에 따르지 않자 인사위원회에서 근로자에 대해 견책 및 타부서 전출을 결정하고 이에 근로자에 대하여 아무런 사전 협의를 거치지 아니하고 제주지점으로 전보발령을 한 사안에서, 근로자가 근무지를 서울에서 제주로 변경하게 되면 주거나 교통, 자녀 교육, 부부생활 등의 점에서 상당한 생활상의 불이익을 입을 것으로 보여지고, 더구나 회사는 제주지점에서 운전원을 필요로 하는 구체적 사정을 주장·입증하지 아니할 뿐만 아니라 제주지점의 운전원은 현지 채용이 원칙으로서 제주지점에서도 마지못해 당해 근로자를 받아들였다는 점 등에 비추어 보면, 근로자에 대한 전보명령은 근로자의 상당한 합리성이 있는 이어폰 착용 거부에 대한 보복의 수단으로서 실질적으로는 징계처분의 일환으로 이루어진 것으로 보이고 전보로 인하여 근로자가 입는 생활상의 불이익의 정도보다 전보에 대한 업무상의 필요성이 크다고 볼 수 없어 근로자에 대한 전보처분이 무효라고 본 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제27조 제1항(현행 제30조 제1항 참조)

【참조판례】

[1][2] 대법원 1995. 2. 17. 선고 94누7959 판결(공1995상, 1475),대법원 1995. 5. 9. 선고 93다51263 판결(공1995상, 2072) /[1] 대법원 1995. 10. 13. 선고 94다52928 판결(공1995하, 3764),대법원 1996. 4. 12. 선고 95누7130 판결(공1996상, 1592),대법원 1997. 7. 22. 선고 97다18165, 18172 판결(공1997하, 2647)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 2,672자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】 원고

【피고, 상고인】 한국공항 주식회사 (소송대리인 법무법인 한미합동법률사무소 담당변호사 유경희 외 7인)

【원심판결】 서울고법 1997. 5. 27. 선고 96나41603 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다. 상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

1. 근로자에 대한 전보나 전직은 원칙적으로 인사권자인 사용자의 권한에 속하므로 업무상 필요한 범위 내에서는 상당한 재량을 인정하여야 할 것이지만, 그것이 근로기준법 등에 위반하거나 권리남용에 해당하는 등의 특별한 사정이 있는 경우에는 허용되지 않는다고 할 것이고, 전직처분이 정당한 인사권의 범위 내에 속하는지 여부는 전직명령의 업무상의 필요성과 전직에 따른 근로자의 생활상의 불이익과의 비교교량, 근로자 본인과의 협의 등 그 전직명령을 하는 과정에서 신의칙상 요구되는 절차를 거쳤는지의 여부 등에 의하여 결정되어야 할 것이다(대법원 1995. 5. 9. 선고 93다51263 판결 등 참조).

2. 원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 원고는 1977. 11. 23. 소외 대한항공 주식회사에 운전원으로 입사하였다가 1986. 9. 1. 위 회사의 계열회사로서 항공화물의 하역업, 지상 조업 등을 목적으로 하는 피고의 장비지원과 운전반장으로 전입하여 근무한 사실, 피고는 비행기를 이용하는 승객에 대한 서비스의 질을 향상시킬 목적으로 램프(RAMP) 버스 운전원들에게 운행시 비행 행선지 안내방송을 할 것과 내부 교신을 위한 워키토키의 소음 방지를 위한 방안으로 이어폰을 착용하여 내부 교신을 들을 것을 교육ㆍ계도하였으나 원고는 그 지시를 따르지 아니하였고, 1995. 6. 7. 15:20경에는 피고의 장비지원과장인 소외 1이 원고 및 소외 2, 소외 3에게 행선지 안내방송 및 이어폰 착용을 철저히 할 것을 지시하자 원고 등은 안전운전을 이유로 이어폰 착용을 거부하면서 다른 부서로 보내 달라고 반발하였는바, 운전자의 이어폰 착용은 안전운전에 방해가 된다는 것이 관할 관청의 견해인 사실, 피고는 1995. 6. 12. 및 같은 달 15.(14.의 오기로 보인다) 인사위원회를 개최하여 위의 지휘명령 위반의 건에 대하여 원고 및 위 소외 2, 소외 3에게 견책 및 타부서 전출을 할 것을 결정하고, 이에 따라 1995. 8. 23. 원고에 대하여 제주지점으로 전보명령을 한 사실, 원고가 피고의 대표이사에게 위의 전보명령이 인사권을 남용하여 부당하다고 항의하는 서신을 보내면서 제주지점으로 부임하지 아니하고 결근하자 피고는 1995. 10. 9. 인사위원회를 개최하여, 회사는 업무상의 필요에 따라 직종 변경, 보직 변경, 전근을 명할 수 있고, 직원이 무단결근을 10일 이상 계속하였을 때는 파면할 수 있다는 인사규정 및 취업규칙의 관계 규정을 적용하여 원고에 대하여 파면처분을 한 사실, 원고는 입사 이후 파면처분을 당할 때까지 계속하여 서울지역에서 근무하면서 1990. 8. 23. 연속 휴무 문제로 상사인 수석감독 소외 4와 시비 끝에 소외 4를 구타하여 전치 6주의 하악골골절상을 입혔고 이로 인하여 1990. 8. 25. 정직 3월의 징계처분을 받은 전력이 있고, 처와 12세, 15세 된 자녀를 두고 있으며 제주와는 아무런 연고가 없고, 피고는 위의 전보명령을 함에 있어서 원고의 의사를 타진하거나 생활상의 불이익에 관한 적절한 배려를 위한 협의를 하지 아니한 사실을 인정한 다음, 원고에 대한 이 사건 파면처분은 그 판시와 같은 이유로 징계권을 남용한 것으로서 무효라고 판단하였다.

3. 기록에 의하여 살펴보면 원심의 사실인정은 옳고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 채증법칙 위배로 인한 사실오인 또는 심리미진의 위법이 없다.

그리고 사실관계가 원심이 확정한 바와 같다면 원고의 이어폰 착용 거부는 상당한 합리성이 있다고 보여짐에도 불구하고, 피고는 1995. 6. 12. 및 같은 달 14. 인사위원회에서 원고의 이어폰 착용 거부를 인사위원회 회부 안건으로 하여 견책 및 타부서 전출을 결정하고 이에 따라 1995. 8. 23. 원고에 대하여 아무런 사전 협의를 거치지 아니하고 제주지점으로 전보발령을 하였는바, 원고가 근무지를 서울에서 제주로 변경하게 되면 주거나 교통, 자녀 교육, 부부생활 등의 점에서 상당한 생활상의 불이익을 입을 것으로 보여지고, 더구나 기록에 의하면 피고는 제주지점에서 운전원을 필요로 하는 구체적 사정을 주장·입증하지 아니할 뿐만 아니라 제주지점의 운전원은 현지 채용이 원칙으로서 제주지점에서도 마지못해 원고를 받아들였다는 것인바, 이에 비추어 보면 원고에 대한 이 사건 전보명령은 원고의 위와 같은 상당한 합리성이 있는 이어폰 착용 거부에 대한 보복의 수단으로서 실질적으로는 징계처분의 일환으로 이루어진 것으로 보이고 이 사건 전보로 인하여 원고가 입는 생활상의 불이익의 정도보다 이 사건 전보에 대한 업무상의 필요성이 크다고 볼 수 없어 무효라고 할 것이고, 따라서 이에 응하지 아니한 원고의 행위를 징계사유로 삼을 수는 없다고 할 것이다.

결국 원심이 이 사건 파면처분이 징계권을 남용한 것으로서 무효라고 판단한 것은 옳고, 거기에 상고이유로 주장하는 바와 같은 해고나 전보명령의 효력에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 없다.

4. 그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자의 부담으로 하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

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전보발령금지가처분
#3
2010다52041 · 대법원 2013-02-28
전직무효확인등
#4
91다12752 · 대법원 1991-07-12
Confirmation of Invalidity of Job Transfer and Dismissal (전보
#5
2020다253744 · 대법원 2023-07-13
전보무효확인의소

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