[Plaintiffs, Appellees] As stated in the list of plaintiffs in the attachment. (Attorneys Kim Sang-eun and 7 others, Counsel for the Plaintiffs)
[Defendant, Appellant] Kapyul Autotech Co., Ltd. (Attorneys Lee Im-su and 9 others, Counsel for the Defendant)
[Judgment Below] Daejeon High Court Decision 2011Na6388 rendered on September 21, 2012
[Order]
The part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the Daejeon High Court.
[Reasoning] The grounds of appeal (including the descriptions in the supplementary briefs submitted after the expiration of the period for submitting the grounds of appeal, to the extent that they supplement the grounds of appeal) are examined as follows.
1. Legal principles concerning ordinary wages
The ordinary wage, which the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) provides as the basis for calculating additional pay for extended, night, and holiday work, dismissal notice allowance, annual leave allowance, etc., and as the minimum for average wages, refers to wages that are paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly as money and valuables agreed to be paid as consideration for prescribed work (or, in the case of piece-rate workers, total work), which is the work ordinarily provided by an employee during prescribed working hours. Wages paid at intervals exceeding one month may also be included in ordinary wages if they are paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly.
A "fixed wage" means, regardless of the name of the wage, the minimum wage that an employee who has worked the prescribed working hours on any given day would naturally and definitively receive as consideration for that day's work even if the employee were to retire the following day. Accordingly, a wage may be considered to have fixedness if it is scheduled to be paid as a matter of course, without regard to whether any additional conditions are met, whenever an employee provides prescribed work on any given day, and if the payment or the amount thereof is determined in advance.
The "condition" referred to here means a condition whose fulfillment has not yet been determined at the time an employee provides extended, night, or holiday work on any given day. Accordingly, where a condition is attached that is based on a pre-existing factual relationship whose fulfillment has already been determined at that point in time, such as possessing a specific career background or having reached a certain period of continuous service, this does not impede a finding of fixedness. However, a wage that is set to be paid only to employees who are employed on the payment date or at some other specific point in time, regardless of whether the employee provided prescribed work, has as its qualifying requirement for receiving the wage the condition of being employed at that specific point in time. Generally, such a wage is not paid to a person who provided work in the past but is not employed at the specific point in time, whereas it is paid to a person who is employed at the specific point in time regardless of the content of past work provided. If a wage is paid under such a condition, it is difficult to view that wage as having the character of consideration for so-called "prescribed work," and moreover, since even if the employee provides work on any given day, the employee would not receive the wage at all if he or she retires before the specific point in time arrives, whether the payment condition will be fulfilled is uncertain at the time the employee provides extended, night, or holiday work on any given day. Therefore, such a wage must also be deemed to lack fixedness.
2. Determination as to this case
A. According to the reasoning of the judgment below, the court below, citing the first instance judgment, determined that the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case, the summer vacation allowance, the kimchi-making bonus, the gift allowance, the birthday support fund, the individual pension support fund, and the group insurance premium (hereinafter collectively referred to as "the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses, etc. at issue in this case") were all wages paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly as consideration for work, and thus all constituted ordinary wages under the Labor Standards Act.
B. Wages under the Labor Standards Act refer to all money and valuables paid by an employer to an employee as consideration for work. If such money and valuables are paid continuously and regularly to the employee, and if the employer is obligated to pay them pursuant to a collective agreement, employment rules, salary regulations, employment contract, labor practice, or the like, then such money and valuables constitute wages regardless of their designation (see Supreme Court Decision 2011Da20034, decided February 9, 2012, etc.).
Accordingly, the determination by the court below, citing the first instance judgment, that the gift allowance, birthday support fund, individual pension support fund, and group insurance premium at issue in this case, which were paid regularly and uniformly to the Defendant's employees, constitute wages, is justified, and there is no error of law, such as a misunderstanding of the concept and requirements of wages, as alleged in the grounds of appeal.
C. However, the determination of the court below that the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses, etc. at issue in this case constitute regular, uniform, and fixed wages and thus fall under ordinary wages, for the reasons stated in its judgment, is difficult to accept for the following reasons.
1) First, with respect to the kimchi-making bonus at issue in this case.
Considering that ordinary wages function as the standard wage for calculating additional pay to be paid when an employee provides work exceeding the prescribed working hours, in order for a certain wage to constitute an ordinary wage, the payment and the amount of payment must be determined in advance before the employee actually performs extended, night, or holiday work. As stated above, the fact that payment and the amount of payment are determined in advance means that payment is scheduled to be made as a matter of course whenever prescribed work is provided on any given day.
However, according to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, it can be seen that the collective agreement concluded between the Defendant and the labor union provides: "The Company shall pay a kimchi-making bonus during the kimchi-making season, and the amount to be paid shall be determined through labor-management consultation." Accordingly, it can be seen that the kimchi-making bonus at issue in this case was determined through labor-management consultation immediately before payment, and was set at KRW 220,000 from 2007 to 2009, and at KRW 240,000 in 2010. Where the amount of payment is determined through post hoc labor-management consultation without any objective standard for determining the amount of payment, it cannot be said that the amount of payment is determined in advance. Accordingly, the kimchi-making bonus at issue in this case cannot be deemed a fixed wage, and thus cannot be deemed to constitute an ordinary wage.
Nevertheless, the court below determined that the kimchi-making bonus at issue in this case constituted an ordinary wage on the ground that it was paid to employees, excluding those on leave or under suspension, regardless of their actual work performance. Such determination by the court below contains an error of law that affected the judgment by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning ordinary wages.
2) Next, with respect to the remaining wages, including the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case.
A) According to the reasoning of the judgment below and the evidence lawfully adopted by the court below, it can be seen that: ① Article 5 of the Defendant's Bonus Payment Rules provides: "Bonuses shall be paid in February, April, June, August, October, and December, and on New Year's Day and Chuseok, with the specific payment date to be separately determined. The bonus payment period shall be the two-month period from the month preceding the month of payment to the month of payment," thereby establishing the timing of bonus payment and the payment period, while Article 6 establishes payment standards, such as bonus application rates for new employees, employees returning from leave of absence exceeding two months, and employees on leave of absence, as well as the treatment of employees who resign; ② according to the said payment standards, for new employees or employees returning from long-term leave, a bonus application rate of 100% applies if they worked the full two-month payment period, 70% if they worked one month or more, and 30% if they worked less than one month; for employees on leave of absence, a bonus application rate of 100% applies if the leave was less than 15 days during the payment period, 70% if less than one month, and 50% if less than two months, with no bonus paid if the employee was on leave for the entire two-month payment period; and for resigning employees, the bonus is to be calculated on a pro rata basis according to the number of days worked; ③ however, it can be seen that, in paying the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case, the Defendant did not apply the payment standards set forth in Article 6 of the Bonus Payment Rules, but instead uniformly paid the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case to all employees who were employed as of the payment date, excluding those on leave of absence for six months or more as of the payment date, while not paying such bonuses to employees who had resigned before the payment date; and there is no material to establish that the labor union or employees raised any particular objection to the Defendant's failure to pay the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case to employees who had resigned before the payment date.
As stated above, a wage that is set to be paid only to employees who are employed on the payment date or at some other specific point in time, regardless of whether the employee provided prescribed work, not only lacks the character of consideration for prescribed work but also cannot be deemed a fixed wage. Furthermore, whether a certain wage has such character must be determined in accordance with the content set forth in the employment contract, collective agreement, or employment rules, and where there is no express provision in the employment contract, etc., or where the content thereof is unclear, it must be determined by comprehensively considering objective circumstances such as the character of the wage, the actual state of payment, and practice.
Meanwhile, employment rules are provisions established by the employer setting forth the standards for employees' service discipline and working conditions, such as wages, to be applied uniformly to all employees of the relevant business, and must be interpreted in a manner that is universally reasonable and rational for the parties concerned, including the employer and employees, with the common intent of the employees also serving as one of the general standards for such interpretation (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 97Da5015, decided May 12, 1999).
In light of the foregoing legal principles applied to the facts found above, the Defendant's Bonus Payment Rules constitute employment rules, and while Article 5 thereof provides for bonuses paid on New Year's Day and Chuseok in addition to bonuses paid in even-numbered months, it sets the payment period as "the two-month period from the month preceding the month of bonus payment to the month of payment," and Article 6 also establishes bonus application rates for new employees, returning employees, and employees on leave of absence on the premise that the payment period is two months. Considering that the Defendant did not apply the payment standards set forth in Article 6 of the Bonus Payment Rules to the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case, and that the employees appear not to have raised any particular objection to such payment practice, it may be concluded that the payment standards set forth in Article 6 of the Bonus Payment Rules were presumably intended to apply to bonuses paid in even-numbered months, and that the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case were not subject to such standards (according to the record, the Plaintiffs themselves also assert that the payment restriction provisions among the payment standards under Article 6 do not apply to the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case).
Furthermore, if the Defendant did not pay the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case to employees who resigned before the payment date over a considerable period of time, and the labor union or individual employees did not raise any objection thereto, then there is room to view that, with respect to the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case, an express or implied labor-management agreement was reached, or such a practice was established, whereby being employed on the payment date was added as a qualifying requirement for receiving the wage, such that the bonus would not be paid to a person who had provided work in the past but was not employed on the payment date, while the bonus would be paid in full to a person employed on the payment date regardless of the content of the work previously provided.
B) With respect to the summer vacation allowance, gift allowance, and birthday support fund at issue in this case, according to the reasoning of the judgment below and the record, it can be seen that the Defendant paid a fixed amount uniformly to its employees as the summer vacation allowance, gift allowance, and birthday support fund at issue in this case, while not paying these to employees who resigned before each respective payment date. If so, there is room to view that, with respect to the summer vacation allowance, gift allowance, and birthday support fund at issue in this case as well, similar to the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case discussed above, an express or implied agreement was reached between labor and management, or such a practice was established, adding the condition of being employed on the payment date as a qualifying requirement for receiving the wage.
Furthermore, it cannot be ruled out that the individual pension support fund and group insurance premium at issue in this case may also, given the nature of their payment, not have been paid to employees who resigned before the payment date.
C) If so, the court below should have examined whether the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses at issue in this case are included within the scope of application of Article 6 of the Bonus Payment Rules; the circumstances under which the Defendant did not pay the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses, summer vacation allowance, gift allowance, and birthday support fund at issue in this case to employees who resigned before the payment date, and whether the labor union or employees raised any objection thereto; and how the individual pension support fund and group insurance premium at issue in this case were paid and treated with respect to employees who resigned partway through, and thereby should have examined whether, with respect to the payment of these wages, an express or implied labor-management agreement was reached, or such a practice was established, whereby being employed on the payment date was added as a qualifying requirement for receiving the wage, such that the wage would not be paid to a person who had provided work in the past but was not employed on the payment date, while the wage would be paid in full to a person employed on the payment date regardless of the content of the work previously provided.
Nevertheless, the court below determined that these wages constitute ordinary wages solely for the reasons stated in its judgment, without examining the circumstances described above. Such determination by the court below contains an error of law that affected the judgment by misunderstanding the legal principles concerning ordinary wages and failing to conduct the necessary examination.
3. Conclusion
Therefore, the part of the judgment below against the Defendant is reversed, and this part of the case is remanded to the court below for further examination and determination, and it is so decided as set forth in the Order. This judgment is rendered with the separate opinion of Justice Kim Chang-seok, while the opinions of the other Justices participating in the decision are unanimous.
4. Separate Opinion of Justice Kim Chang-seok
I agree with the majority opinion's conclusion that the part of the judgment below against the Defendant should be reversed.
However, I cannot accept the majority opinion that bonuses or allowances paid at intervals exceeding one month are also included in ordinary wages so long as they are paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly, for the following reasons.
A. Excluding wages paid for extended work, night work, or holiday work (hereinafter collectively referred to as "extended work, etc."), the remaining wages are classified, according to their substance, into two types: wages for ordinary work (prescribed work) and wages for total work (meaning the entirety of work including both ordinary work and extended work, etc.). Where the wage received by an employee is determined on the premise that the employee performs only ordinary work, and it is recognized that, if the employee performs extended work, etc., an additional wage is to be paid corresponding to the additional working hours, such wage is paid solely as consideration for ordinary work and is therefore naturally included in ordinary wages. Conversely, where it is recognized that the employee is to receive the same wage regardless of whether the employee performs any extended work, etc. in addition to ordinary work, or regardless of how many hours of extended work, etc. are performed, such wage is paid as consideration for total work including not only ordinary work but also extended work, etc., and thus there is no need to pay an additional wage corresponding to the additional working hours even if extended work, etc. is performed; accordingly, such wage is naturally not included in ordinary wages. The basis for determining, according to this classification, the substance of a wage—that is, whether it is consideration for ordinary work (prescribed work) or consideration for total work—can be nothing other than the objectively confirmed intent of labor and management. In summary, a wage that may be included in ordinary wages can only be a wage that is consideration for ordinary work, not total work, and whether a certain wage is consideration for ordinary work rather than total work can only be determined by the objectively confirmed intent of labor and management. Such an interpretation is not only consistent with the relevant provisions of the Constitution and of the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and the Trade Union and Labor Relations Adjustment Act (노동조합 및 노동관계조정법), enacted pursuant to the delegation thereof, but is also supported by the self-evident logic that, so long as private autonomy is recognized with respect to working conditions, the legal effect of a labor-management agreement or labor-management practice concerning ordinary wages must be recognized unless there is a lawful basis for denying such effect.
There can be no doubt that it has generally been the labor-management agreement or labor-management practice, until now, to include only the basic pay and allowances paid at intervals of one month or less within ordinary wages, which constitute consideration for ordinary work. Therefore, in principle, only the basic pay and allowances paid at intervals of one month or less should be interpreted as included in ordinary wages, and absent special circumstances, an interpretation that includes bonuses or allowances paid at intervals exceeding one month within ordinary wages is an unlawful interpretation that denies the legal effect of labor-management agreements or labor-management practices. In this respect, Supreme Court Decision 94Da19501, decided February 9, 1996, and similar decisions, which held that wages paid at intervals exceeding one month are also included in ordinary wages if paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly, should be overruled.
In conclusion, whether a certain wage may be included in ordinary wages is essentially determined by whether that wage is consideration for ordinary work (prescribed work) or consideration for total work. Whether a certain wage is paid regularly, uniformly, and fixedly is merely a secondary criterion for determining whether it also possesses the formal attributes of an ordinary wage.
B. Based on these legal principles, and turning to this case, absent special circumstances sufficient to recognize the existence of a labor-management agreement or labor-management practice to include the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses, etc. at issue in this case within ordinary wages, the New Year's and Chuseok bonuses, etc. at issue in this case, regardless of whether their manner of payment is regular, uniform, and fixed, are all wages paid as consideration for total work, not as consideration for ordinary work (prescribed work), and thus cannot be included in ordinary wages.
C. For the foregoing reasons, while I agree with the conclusion of the majority opinion reversing the part of the judgment below against the Defendant, I express this separate opinion because I hold a different view as to the grounds therefor.
[[Attachment] List of Plaintiffs: Omitted]
Chief Justice Yang Sung-tae (Presiding Justice), Justices Yang Chang-su, Shin Young-cheol, Min Il-young, Lee In-bok, Lee Sang-hoon, Park Byung-dae, Kim Yong-deok, Park Bo-young, Ko Young-han, Kim Chang-seok, Kim Shin, Kim So-young (Justice in Charge)