Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 97다14200

Wages (Case No. 97Da14200)임금

Decided1998. 06. 26. Court대법원Reversed and remanded (partial win for employer on the premium wage issue)
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

This case addresses the requirements for allowing an employer to offset overpaid wages against unpaid statutory wages, as well as the employer's obligation to pay premium wages for overtime work that exceeds the contractually agreed working hours but remains within the statutory working hours. The court held that while an employer may offset wages overpaid due to a calculation error against a worker's unpaid statutory allowances, there is no obligation to pay premium wages for work that exceeds the agreed working hours but does not exceed the statutory working hours. The lower court's decision recognizing premium wage obligations for such overtime within statutory hours was found to be erroneous, and the case was remanded.

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: A company offset wages it had overpaid due to a calculation error against an employee's unpaid allowances, and refused to pay premium wages for overtime work performed within the statutory working hours.
  • OutcomeResult: The court ruled that offsetting overpaid wages is permissible within a reasonable time frame, but there is no obligation to pay premium wages for overtime work within the statutory 40-hour workweek.
  • LessonLesson: Employers may offset overpaid wages against unpaid claims as long as it does not harm the worker's economic stability, and premium wages are not required for work exceeding agreed hours if it remains within the statutory working hours.
Issues
  • Whether an employer may offset a claim for return of overpaid wages against an employee's wage claims (as an automatic offset)
  • The validity of statutory allowances paid in excess based on an invalid employment rule (취업규칙)
  • Whether premium wages must be paid for overtime work that falls within the statutory working hours
Key reasoning

The Supreme Court reasoned that offsetting overpaid wages (임금 상계) against unpaid wage claims is permissible when the timing of settlement is reasonably close and does not undermine the worker's economic stability. However, regarding premium wages, the court clarified that work performed within the statutory working hours (법정근로시간) under the Labor Standards Act does not qualify as 'overtime work' (시간외근로) under the Act, even if it exceeds the hours specifically agreed upon in the employment contract. Therefore, no premium wage obligation arises for such work. The lower court erred by treating overtime within statutory hours as subject to premium pay, warranting reversal and remand.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] Wages must be paid directly and in full to the employee, and therefore, in principle, an employer may not set off its own claim against an employee's wage claim. However, where wages were overpaid due to a calculation error or the like, and the timing of the exercise of the offset is reasonably close in time to the period of overpayment, to the extent that it does not lose the substantive character of a wage settlement or adjustment, and the amount and method are notified in advance, so that there is no risk of undermining the stability of the employee's economic life, or where the employee, after retirement, claims wages or retirement allowance that were not paid during his or her period of employment, it is permissible for the employer to set off the claim for the return of the overpaid wages as an automatic claim. Accordingly, where an employee claims unpaid statutory allowances such as overtime allowance, holiday work allowance, and monthly leave allowance for a certain period, it is also permissible for the employer to assert a set-off or appropriation on the ground that there was an overpayment of statutory allowances during the same period.

[2] If the provisions of the rules of employment, etc. concerning the method of calculating statutory allowances are invalid because they fall short of the minimum standards prescribed by the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법), then even if the amount calculated and paid according to the calculation method under such rules of employment, etc. exceeds the properly calculated statutory allowance, the excess portion is wrongly paid, and the fact that it was paid in accordance with the rules of employment, etc. does not render such payment proper.

[3] Work performed in excess of the agreed working hours between the employer and the employee, but within the statutory working hours prescribed by Articles 42, 43, and 55 of the former Labor Standards Act (as enacted before being amended by Act No. 5309 on March 13, 1997) (so-called "excess work within statutory limits"), does not constitute overtime work as referred to in Article 46 of the Labor Standards Act, and therefore there is no need to pay the premium wage prescribed in that provision for such work.

Full text (English, AI translation) 8,614 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee (Selected Party)] Plaintiff
[Defendants, Appellants] Okcheon-gun Medical Insurance Cooperative and 2 others (Attorney Jang Won-chan for the Defendants)
[Lower Court Judgment] Daejeon High Court Judgment rendered February 13, 1997, 94Na5692

[Order]

Among the portions of the lower court judgment that ruled against the Defendants, the portions exceeding the amounts stated in the "Amount Conceded by Defendant" column of the attached list are each reversed, and this portion of the case is remanded to the Daejeon High Court.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.
Wages must be paid directly to the worker in full, and therefore, as a general principle, an employer may not set off a claim it holds against a worker against the worker's wage claim. However, where wages have been overpaid due to a calculation error or similar cause, if the timing of the exercise of the right is reasonably closely connected to the time of the overpayment to such an extent that it does not lose the substantive nature of a settlement or adjustment of wages, and the amount and method are announced in advance such that there is no risk of harming the stability of the worker's economic life, or where a worker, after retirement, claims wages or retirement allowance that remained unpaid during his or her employment, it is permissible for the employer to effect a set-off using the claim for return of the overpaid wages as the active claim. Accordingly, where a worker claims statutory allowances such as unpaid overtime allowance, holiday work allowance, and monthly leave allowance for a certain period, it is also permissible for the employer to assert set-off or appropriation on the ground that there was an overpayment of statutory allowances during the same period. Furthermore, if the provisions of the rules of employment, etc., concerning the method of calculating statutory allowances fall short of the minimum standard set forth in the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) and are therefore invalid, then even if the amount calculated and paid according to the calculation method under such rules of employment, etc., exceeds the properly calculated statutory allowance, the excess portion is a mispayment, and the fact that it was paid in accordance with the rules of employment, etc., does not render such payment proper (see Supreme Court en banc Decision 94Da26721 delivered on December 21, 1995; Supreme Court Decision 94Da18553 delivered on June 29, 1995, etc.). Also, work performed in excess of the working hours agreed between the employer and the worker but within the standard working hours prescribed under Articles 42, 43, and 55 of the Labor Standards Act (so-called "overtime work within statutory limits") does not constitute overtime work referred to in Article 46 of the Labor Standards Act, and therefore there is no need to pay the additional premium wage prescribed in that Article for such work (see Supreme Court Decision 90Daka14758 delivered on June 28, 1991).

According to the reasoning of the lower court judgment, the lower court found that, pursuant to the Defendant Cooperatives' Regulations on the Operation of Regional Medical Insurance Cooperatives (Defendants' Exhibit No. 1; hereinafter referred to as the "Operation Regulations"), employees' working hours are set, in line with the working hours of public officials, at 8 hours on weekdays and 4 hours on Saturdays, provided that during the winter season from November to February of the following year, the weekday working hours (excluding Saturdays) are shortened by one hour to 7 hours; and that the overtime allowance is uniformly prescribed at a premium rate of 150% of an amount equivalent to 1/184 of the base pay. Based on this, the lower court interpreted that, since such overtime work falls within the scope of "overtime work" under the Operation Regulations regardless of whether the premium rate meets the standard under the Labor Standards Act for overtime work exceeding the statutory limit, the premium wage prescribed in the Operation Regulations must also be paid for the portion of the overtime work that constitutes overtime work within the statutory limit. The lower court then specified, among the excess working hours claimed by the Plaintiff (Selected Party) and the Selected Parties (hereinafter collectively referred to as the "Plaintiffs"), the portion falling within the working hours prescribed by the Labor Standards Act (i.e., overtime work within the statutory limit), and determined that the overtime allowance for overtime work exceeding the statutory limit should be calculated in accordance with the Labor Standards Act, while the overtime allowance for overtime work within the statutory limit should be calculated in accordance with the Operation Regulations. As a result, even where the overtime allowance for overtime work within the statutory limit exceeded the standard under the Labor Standards Act (i.e., wages without premium), the lower court disregarded such difference and did not appropriate it toward the shortfall in the Plaintiffs' other statutory allowances, such as holiday work allowance or monthly leave work allowance, for which there was an underpayment.

However, if, as found by the lower court, the Plaintiffs' excess working hours during the winter season include the aforementioned shortened one hour, then even if such hours include working hours exceeding 4 hours on Saturdays or 7 hours on weekdays, the portion of the excess working hours, including the shortened one hour combined therein, that does not exceed 8 hours per day and 44 hours per week falls within the statutory standard working hours prescribed in Article 42 of the Labor Standards Act. Accordingly, work for this portion constitutes so-called overtime work within the statutory limit and does not fall under the overtime work referred to in Article 46 of the same Act, for which premium wages are paid. Therefore, unless it is found that the Operation Regulations, etc., provide for the payment of the premium wage under Article 46 of the same Act even for overtime work within the statutory limit, there is no need to pay the premium wage under Article 46 of the same Act for this portion of the work.

According to the record, no provision can be found in the Defendant Cooperatives' rules of employment, collective agreement, etc., providing for the payment of premium wages for overtime work within the statutory limit. However, pursuant to Article 105 and Attached Table 15 of the Defendant Cooperatives' Operation Regulations, the overtime allowance is to be paid to employees who worked pursuant to an order for overtime work, and the premium rate therefor is prescribed at 150% of an amount equivalent to 1/184 of the base pay. Nevertheless, as the lower court lawfully determined, since the overtime allowance under the Operation Regulations falls short of the standard prescribed by the Labor Standards Act in the case of overtime work exceeding the statutory limit, this provision alone cannot be deemed valid, to the extent that the premium wage prescribed by the Operation Regulations exceeds the standard prescribed by the Labor Standards Act in the case of overtime work within the statutory limit.

Nevertheless, the lower court regarded the Operation Regulations, which recognize premium wages for overtime allowance regarding overtime work within the statutory limit, as valid to the extent favorable to the Plaintiffs, and on the ground that, even where the overtime allowance already paid exceeded the properly calculated amount, such excess payment could not be deemed to have been appropriated toward other unpaid allowances, rejected the Defendants' assertion of set-off or appropriation based on the excess payment. The lower court judgment thus contains an error of misunderstanding the legal principles concerning set-off and appropriation between overtime allowance and overpaid wages, which affected the outcome of the judgment, and the portion of the grounds of appeal pointing this out is well-founded.

Therefore, among the portions of the lower court judgment that ruled against the Defendants, the portions exceeding the amounts stated in the "Amount Conceded by Defendant" column of the attached list are each reversed, and this portion of the case is remanded to the court below for further hearing and determination. This judgment is rendered by the unanimous opinion of the Justices participating, as set forth in the Order.

Justice Ji Chang-kwon (Presiding Justice), Cheon Kyung-song, Shin Seong-taek, Song Jin-hoon (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 임금은 직접 근로자에게 전액을 지급하여야 하는 것이므로 사용자가 근로자에 대하여 가지는 채권으로써 근로자의 임금채권과 상계를 하지 못하는 것이 원칙이지만, 계산의 착오 등으로 임금이 초과 지급되었을 때 그 행사의 시기가 초과 지급된 시기와 임금의 정산, 조정의 실질을 잃지 않을 만큼 합리적으로 밀접되어 있고 금액과 방법이 미리 예고되는 등 근로자의 경제생활의 안정을 해할 염려가 없는 경우나 근로자가 퇴직한 후에 그 재직 중 지급되지 아니한 임금이나 퇴직금을 청구할 경우에는, 사용자가 초과 지급된 임금의 반환청구권을 자동채권으로 하여 상계하는 것은 허용되므로, 근로자가 일정기간 동안의 미지급 시간외수당, 휴일근로수당, 월차휴가수당 등 법정수당을 청구하는 경우에 사용자가 같은 기간 동안 법정수당의 초과 지급 부분이 있음을 이유로 상계나 충당을 주장하는 것도 허용된다.

[2] 법정수당의 산정 방법에 관한 취업규칙 등의 규정이 근로기준법에 정한 기준의 최하한에 미달하여 무효라면, 그 취업규칙 등의 산정 방법에 따라 계산하여 지급한 금액이 정당하게 산정한 법정수당을 초과하는 경우에도 그 초과 부분은 잘못 지급된 것이고, 그것이 취업규칙 등에 따라 지급되었다 해서 그 지급이 정당하게 되는 것은 아니다.

[3] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제42조, 제43조, 제55조에 정한 기준 근로시간 범위 안에서 사용자와 근로자 사이의 약정 근로시간을 초과하는 근로(이른바 법내 초과근로)는 근로기준법 제46조에서 말하는 시간외근로에 해당하지 아니하므로, 그에 대하여는 그 법조에 정한 할증임금을 지급할 필요가 없다.

【참조조문】

[1] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제36조 제1항(현행 제42조 제1항 참조)

[2] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제20조(현행 제22조 참조)

[3] 구 근로기준법(1997. 3. 13. 법률 제5309호로 제정되기 전의 것) 제42조 제1항(현행 제49조 참조), 제46조(현행 제55조 참조)

【참조판례】

[1][3] 대법원 1995. 6. 29. 선고 94다18553 판결(공1995하, 2516) / [1] 대법원 1995. 12. 21. 선고 94다26721 전원합의체 판결(공1996상, 208), 대법원 1996. 2. 9. 선고 94다19501 판결(공1996상, 857), 대법원 1996. 10. 25. 선고 96다5346 판결(공1996하, 3419) / [3] 대법원 1990. 12. 26. 선고 90다카12493 판결(공1991, 618), 대법원 1991. 6. 28. 선고 90다카14758 판결(공1991, 2015), 대법원 1992. 2. 11. 선고 91다12202 판결(공1992, 984)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,051자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인(선정당사자)】 원고

【피고, 상고인】 옥천군 의료보험조합 외 2인 (피고들 소송대리인 변호사 장원찬)

【원심판결】 대전고법 1997. 2. 13. 선고 94나5692 판결

【주 문】

원심판결의 피고들 패소 부분 중 별지 목록 피고승복금액란의 기재 금액을 초과하는 부분을 각 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 대전고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

임금은 직접 근로자에게 전액을 지급하여야 하는 것이므로 사용자가 근로자에 대하여 가지는 채권으로써 근로자의 임금채권과 상계를 하지 못하는 것이 원칙이지만, 계산의 착오 등으로 임금이 초과 지급되었을 때 그 행사의 시기가 초과 지급된 시기와 임금의 정산, 조정의 실질을 잃지 않을 만큼 합리적으로 밀접되어 있고 금액과 방법이 미리 예고되는 등 근로자의 경제생활의 안정을 해할 염려가 없는 경우나 근로자가 퇴직한 후에 그 재직 중 지급되지 아니한 임금이나 퇴직금을 청구할 경우에는, 사용자가 초과 지급된 임금의 반환청구권을 자동채권으로 하여 상계하는 것은 허용된다. 따라서 근로자가 일정기간 동안의 미지급 시간외수당, 휴일근로수당, 월차휴가수당 등 법정수당을 청구하는 경우에 사용자가 같은 기간 동안 법정수당의 초과 지급 부분이 있음을 이유로 상계나 충당을 주장하는 것도 허용되며, 법정수당의 산정 방법에 관한 취업규칙 등의 규정이 근로기준법에 정한 기준의 최하한에 미달하여 무효라면, 그 취업규칙 등의 산정 방법에 따라 계산하여 지급한 금액이 정당하게 산정한 법정수당을 초과하는 경우에도 그 초과 부분은 잘못 지급된 것이고, 그것이 취업규칙 등에 따라 지급되었다 해서 그 지급이 정당하게 되는 것은 아니다(대법원 1995. 12. 21. 선고 94다26721 전원합의체 판결, 1995. 6. 29. 선고 94다18553 판결 등 참조). 그리고 근로기준법 제42조, 제43조, 제55조에 정한 기준 근로시간 범위 안에서 사용자와 근로자 사이의 약정 근로시간을 초과하는 근로(이른바 법내 초과근로)는 근로기준법 제46조에서 말하는 시간외근로에 해당하지 아니하므로, 그에 대하여는 그 법조에 정한 할증임금을 지급할 필요가 없는 것이다(대법원 1991. 6. 28. 선고 90다카14758 판결 참조).

원심판결 이유에 의하면, 원심은, 피고 조합들의 지역의료보험조합운영규정(을 제1호증, 이하 '운영규정'이라고만 한다)에 의하면, 직원의 근로시간은 공무원의 근무시간에 준하여 평일에는 8시간, 토요일에는 4시간을 근무하되, 동절기인 11월부터 이듬해 2월까지는 토요일을 제외한 평일의 근무시간이 1시간 단축되어 7시간으로 되어 있고, 시간외근무수당은 그 할증률을 일률적으로 기본급의 1/184에 해당하는 금액의 150%로 규정하고 있음을 근거로 하여, 그 할증률이 법외 초과근로에 대한 근로기준법상의 기준에 미달하는지의 여부에 관계없이 운영규정상의 시간외근무에 포함되는 이상, 시간외근무 중 법내 초과근로에 해당하는 부분에 대하여도 운영규정에 정한 할증임금을 지급하여야 할 것이라고 풀이한 다음, 원고(선정당사자)와 선정자들(이하 이 모두를 원고들이라고만 한다)이 주장하는 초과근로시간 중 근로기준법이 정한 근로시간 범위 내의 부분(법내 초과근로시간)을 특정하여, 법외 초과근로에 대한 시간외근무수당은 근로기준법에 따르고, 법내 초과근로에 대한 시간외근무수당은 운영규정에 따라 산정하기로 함으로써, 법내 초과근로에 대한 시간외근무수당이 근로기준법상의 기준(즉, 할증되지 아니한 임금)보다 초과 지급된 경우에도 그 차액은 무시하고 이를 초과 지급받은 해당 원고들의 다른 법정수당들인 휴일근로수당 또는 월차휴가근로수당 중 부족지급분에 충당하지 아니하였다.

그러나, 원심이 인정한 바와 같이 원고들의 동절기 초과근로시간이 위와 같이 단축된 1시간을 포함하는 것이라면 비록 거기에 토요일의 4시간을 초과한 근무시간이나 평일의 7시간을 초과한 근무시간 부분이 포함되어 있다 하여도, 그 초과근로시간 중 단축된 1시간을 합산한 범위 내의 초과근로시간으로서 1일 8시간, 1주 44시간을 초과하지 않는 부분은 근로기준법 제42조에 정한 법정 기준근로시간 범위 내의 근로시간이므로, 이 부분의 근로는 이른바 법내 초과근로로서 할증임금이 지급되는 같은 법 제46조에 정한 시간외근로에는 해당하지 아니하고, 따라서 운영규정 등에서 법내 초과근로에 대하여도 같은 법 제46조의 할증임금을 지급하도록 규정한 것으로 인정되지 않는 이상 이 부분 근로에 대하여는 같은 법 제46조의 할증임금을 지급할 필요가 없다고 보아야 할 것이다.

기록에 의하면, 피고 조합들의 취업규칙, 단체협약 등에서 법내 초과근로에 대하여 할증임금을 지급한다는 규정을 발견할 수 없고, 다만 피고 조합들의 운영규정 제105조 및 별표 15에 의하면, 시간외근무수당은 시간외 근무명령을 받아 근무한 직원에 대하여 지급한다고 규정하면서 그 할증률을 기본급의 1/184에 해당하는 금액의 150%로 규정하고 있으나, 운영규정상의 시간외수당은, 원심이 적법하게 확정한 바와 같이 법외 초과근로의 경우 근로기준법에 정한 기준에 미달하기도 하는 이상, 이 규정만으로 법내 초과근로의 경우 운영규정에 정한 할증임금이 근로기준법에 정한 기준을 초과한다 하여 그 범위 내에서 이를 유효하다고 볼 수는 없다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 법내 초과근로에 대한 시간외근로수당에 관하여 할증임금을 인정한 운영규정을 원고들에게 유리한 범위에서는 유효하다고 보아 이미 지급된 시간외근무수당이 정당하게 산출된 금액보다 많은 경우에도 그 초과 지급된 금액이 미지급된 다른 수당에 충당된 것으로 볼 수 없다는 이유로 피고들의 초과 지급 부분에 의한 상계 또는 충당의 주장을 배척하고 말았는바, 원심판결에는 시간외수당과 초과 지급된 임금의 상계, 충당에 관한 법리를 오해하여 판결 결과에 영향을 미친 위법이 있고, 상고이유 중 이 점을 지적하는 부분은 이유 있다.

그러므로 원심판결의 피고들 패소 부분 중 별지 목록 피고승복금액란의 기재 금액을 초과하는 부분을 각 파기하고, 이 부분 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 하여 관여 법관의 일치된 의견으로 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 지창권(재판장) 천경송 신성택 송진훈(주심)

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