Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 2005두4458

Revocation of Disposition Denying Survivor's Lump-Sum Compensation (유족보상일시금) and Funeral Expenses (장의비)유족보상일시금및장의비부지급처분취소

Decided2005. 09. 29. Court대법원The Supreme Court reversed the lower court's decision and remanded the case, ruling in favor of the deceased worker's family (worker's side won).
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

A daily-wage forest fire watchman died in a traffic accident while commuting to work on his own motorcycle. The issue was whether an accident occurring during a commute using a mode of transportation essential for work duties constitutes an industrial accident (산업재해). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the worker's family, finding that because using a motorcycle was a condition of employment and essential given the nature of the job, and because the deceased used a reasonable commuting route, the accident qualified as a work-related injury (업무상 재해).

Key takeaways
  • CaseA daily-wage forest fire watchman died in a traffic accident while commuting to work on his own motorcycle, which was required for the job.
  • OutcomeThe Supreme Court ruled this was a compensable work-related injury because using the motorcycle was a condition of employment and essential to the job duties.
  • LessonWhen an employer requires workers to use personal vehicles for commuting due to job necessity, resulting accidents may be treated as work-related injuries even without direct employer-provided transportation.
Issues
  • Whether an accident occurring during a commute to/from work constitutes a work-related injury (업무상 재해)
  • The standard for determining when a commute is under the employer's control and management (지배관리)
  • Whether use of a personally-owned vehicle can be treated as equivalent to employer-provided transportation
Key reasoning

For a commuting accident to qualify as a work-related injury, the commute must be considered to be under the employer's control and management (지배관리). The Court held that even when an employee uses a personally-owned vehicle, if using that vehicle was a condition of employment, was essential due to the nature of the job, and other means of transportation were impractical, the vehicle can be treated as equivalent to transportation provided by the employer. Applying this standard, the Court found that the deceased's use of his own motorcycle satisfied these conditions, making the employer's control over the commute analogous to situations involving employer-provided transportation. Therefore, the fatal accident during the commute was properly classified as a work-related injury under industrial accident compensation law.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

[1] "Occupational disaster" under Article 4, Subparagraph 1 of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) refers to an accident that occurs due to the performance of work duties, or the ordinary activities incidental thereto, which an employee carries out under the employer's control and management pursuant to an employment contract with the employer. Although commuting to and from work is closely and inseparably related to the work of providing labor, the method and route of commuting are generally left to the employee's discretion, and thus commuting is not ordinarily under the employer's control and management. Therefore, for an accident occurring during commuting to constitute an occupational disaster, it must be shown that the employee's commuting process was under the employer's control and management, such as where the employee used transportation provided by the employer or used transportation equivalent thereto as arranged by the employer.

[2] In a case where a daily-wage forest fire watchman, while commuting to work on his own motorcycle, crossed the center line at a location considerably distant from his assigned forest fire monitoring area and died in a traffic accident, the court held that the deceased's death constituted an occupational disaster, in light of the following: the deceased had been hired on the condition that he perform forest fire monitoring duties using his own motorcycle; there was no public transportation available that could get him from his home to the relevant township office (면사무소) in time for work; the forest fire monitoring area assigned to him was very extensive, making it difficult to perform his duties on foot or by bicycle; and the route the deceased chose to commute from his home to the township office was the shortest and a reasonable route.

Full text (English, AI translation) 9,686 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellant] Plaintiff (Attorney Park Jong-woo, counsel for the plaintiff)
[Defendant, Appellee] Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service
[Judgment Below] Seoul High Court Decision 2004Nu25689 rendered on April 7, 2005

[Order]

The judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the Seoul High Court.

[Reasoning]

1. Summary of the fact-finding and judgment of the court below

The court below, comprehensively considering the evidence it adopted, found the following facts: the deceased, the husband of the Plaintiff (hereinafter referred to as the "Deceased"), entered into an employment contract with the Head of Yeongwol-gun on February 15, 2004, and worked as a daily wage forest fire watchman; while commuting to work at the Jucheon-myeon Office of Yeongwol-gun by motorcycle from his home at Yongseok 2-ri, Jucheon-myeon, Yeongwol-gun at approximately 08:37 on February 21 of the same year, he failed to properly negotiate a right curve on Gundo (county road) No. 3 at Badukgol, located in Geumma 4-ri of the same myeon, and slid, crossing the center line together with the motorcycle, colliding with an oncoming 5-ton truck, and died from multiple skull injuries and other injuries; the Plaintiff, on March 8, 2004, claimed bereaved family benefits and funeral expenses from the Defendant, asserting that the Deceased's death constituted an occupational accident, but the Defendant, on April 1 of the same year, issued a decision denying payment on the ground that the Deceased's death did not fall under "an accident occurring while using a means of transportation provided by the business owner for an employee's commuting to and from work" as provided in Article 35(4)(1) of the Enforcement Rule of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법 시행규칙); the Deceased, as a forest fire watchman, performed forest fire watch duties using his own motorcycle from 09:00 to 17:00 without holidays (except on snowy or rainy days), receiving a daily wage of 33,000 won; although there was a route bus, it did not run frequently, so he commuted to the Jucheon-myeon Office using the above motorcycle, recorded and reported the previous day's work in a work log, received instructions on that day's work from the person in charge, and then went by the above motorcycle to Geumma 1-ri and 2-ri of Jucheon-myeon, his assigned forest fire watch area, where he performed forest fire watch duties using the motorcycle, patrolling a route of about 12km multiple times until the end of work at 17:00, and then, without returning to the Jucheon-myeon Office, went directly home from the site using the above motorcycle; meanwhile, the Deceased was hired on the condition that he would perform forest fire watch duties using his own motorcycle, and because the forest area subject to fire watch was very extensive, performing the duties using means of transportation such as walking or a bicycle was quite difficult; however, Yeongwol-gun or Jucheon-myeon did not involve itself at all in whether the Deceased commuted to and from work (if the method and route of commuting are restricted by social norms to the extent that it would be difficult to expect the employee to choose another method and route of commuting, then commuting under such circumstances is generally considered to be under the control and management of the business owner, since the choice of commuting method and route cannot be said to be reserved to the employee) using the above motorcycle, and did not separately pay the Deceased fuel costs or other vehicle maintenance expenses. Based on these findings, the court below determined that, even though the use of a vehicle such as a motorcycle was essential for the Deceased to perform his forest fire watch duties in an area where it was not easy to use public transportation, and accordingly, even if the Head of Yeongwol-gun, at the time of hiring the Deceased, made it a condition of employment that the person be an owner of a motorcycle or the like capable of performing duties using it, this fact alone could not be deemed to mean that the motorcycle was provided by the business owner or equivalent to a means of transportation provided by the business owner; moreover, since the authority to manage and use the above motorcycle belonged to the Deceased, and the choice of commuting method and route was entirely left to the Deceased, it was reasonable to view that, under these circumstances, this accident, which occurred when the Deceased crossed the center line at a location considerably distant from his assigned area, could not be said to have occurred under the control and management of Yeongwol-gun; and the mere fact that the method of commuting to work involved using a means of transportation essential to the performance of duties in order to arrive at the place of work performance could not be deemed to constitute an act of preparation for work incidental to the performance of duties; therefore, the court below determined that the Deceased's death due to this accident could not be considered an occupational accident.

2. Judgment of the Supreme Court

However, the judgment of the court below is difficult to accept as it stands, for the following reasons.

An occupational accident under Article 4(1) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act (산업재해보상보험법) refers to an accident that occurs due to work performed by an employee, based on an employment contract with the business owner, under the control and management of the business owner, in the course of performing the relevant work duties or the usual activities incidental thereto. Regarding accidents occurring during an employee's commute to and from work, even though commuting is closely and inseparably related to the work of providing labor, the choice of commuting method and route is generally reserved to the employee, and therefore commuting cannot ordinarily be said to be under the control and management of the business owner. Accordingly, for an accident occurring during commuting to constitute an occupational accident, it must be a case where the employee's commuting process can be said to be under the control and management of the business owner, such as where the employee uses a means of transportation provided by the business owner, or the business owner has the employee use a means of transportation equivalent thereto (see Supreme Court Decision 99Du9025 rendered on December 24, 1999).

According to the facts lawfully established by the court below and the record, the following points can be noted: the Deceased was hired on the condition that he would perform forest fire watch duties using his own motorcycle; moreover, the commuting distance from the Deceased's home to the Jucheon-myeon Office was about 15km, and there was no public transportation available that could get him there in time for his work schedule, so he had no choice but to commute using the motorcycle; the Deceased did not commute directly to his assigned area but commuted to the Jucheon-myeon Office, recorded and reported the previous day's work status in the work log, received instructions on that day's work from the person in charge such as the industry section chief, and then rode the above motorcycle to Geumma 1-ri and 2-ri of Jucheon-myeon, his assigned area, where he performed forest fire watch duties using the motorcycle; the forest fire watch area assigned to the Deceased was very extensive, with a single patrol route of about 12km, making it difficult to perform the duties using means of transportation such as walking or a bicycle; the Deceased was to go directly home using the above motorcycle from the work site upon finishing his duties at the end of work time, 17:00, without returning to the Jucheon-myeon Office; and the route the Deceased chose in commuting from his home to the Jucheon-myeon Office was the shortest route between his home and Jucheon-myeon and can be considered a reasonable route. Comprehensively considering these points, it is difficult to expect, as a matter of social norms, that the Deceased would have chosen a commuting method or route other than the motorcycle; moreover, the Deceased's use of the motorcycle to commute to work was, at the same time, his method of commuting and also constituted an act of preparation for work, in that it involved preparing a means of transportation essential to the performance of his duties in order to arrive at the place of work performance. Accordingly, under these circumstances, it is reasonable to view that the process by which the Deceased commuted to work using the motorcycle by the shortest route was under the control and management of Yeongwol-gun, the business owner, and since the Deceased suffered this accident and died in the course of that process, the Deceased's death constitutes an occupational accident.

Nevertheless, the court below, contrary to this, determined for the reasons stated in its judgment alone that the Deceased's death did not constitute an occupational accident; such determination by the court below contains an error of law in misunderstanding the legal principles concerning occupational accidents or commuting accidents under Article 4(1) of the Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance Act, and the Plaintiff's ground of appeal pointing this out has merit.

3. Therefore, the judgment below is reversed, and the case is remanded to the court below for further deliberation and judgment. This judgment is rendered as stated in the Order, with the unanimous consent of the participating Justices.

Justice Ko Hyun-cheol (Presiding Justice), Yoon Jae-sik, Kang Shin-wook (Justice in charge)

【판결요지】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호 소정의 업무상의 재해라 함은 근로자가 사업주와의 근로계약에 기하여 사업주의 지배·관리하에서 당해 근로업무의 수행 또는 그에 수반되는 통상적인 활동을 하는 과정에서 이러한 업무에 기인하여 발생한 재해를 말하는데, 근로자의 출·퇴근시에 발생한 재해는 비록 출·퇴근이 노무의 제공이라는 업무와 밀접·불가분의 관계에 있다 하더라도, 일반적으로 출·퇴근 방법과 경로의 선택이 근로자에게 유보되어 있어 통상 사업주의 지배·관리하에 있다고 할 수 없으므로, 출·퇴근 중에 발생한 재해가 업무상의 재해가 되기 위하여는 사업주가 제공한 교통수단을 근로자가 이용하거나 또는 사업주가 이에 준하는 교통수단을 이용하도록 하는 등 근로자의 출·퇴근과정이 사업주의 지배·관리하에 있다고 볼 수 있는 경우여야 한다.

[2] 일용직 산불감시원이 자기 소유의 오토바이를 타고 출근하다가 산불감시업무 담당구역과 상당히 떨어진 곳에서 중앙선을 침범하여 교통사고로 사망한 사안에서, 망인이 자기 소유의 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시업무를 수행하는 것을 조건으로 채용되었고, 망인의 집에서 소속 면사무소까지 출근시간에 맞추어 도착할 수 있는 대중교통수단이 없었으며, 망인이 맡은 산불감시대상지역이 매우 넓어 도보나 자전거를 이용한 업무수행이 곤란하고, 망인이 집에서 소속 면사무소로 출근하기 위하여 선택한 경로가 최단경로로서 합리적인 경로라고 볼 수 있는 점 등에 비추어 망인의 사망이 업무상 재해에 해당한다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

[1] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 산업재해보상보험법 시행규칙 제35조 제4항 제1호

[2] 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호, 산업재해보상보험법 시행규칙 제35조 제4항 제1호

【참조판례】

[1] 대법원 1995. 9. 15. 선고 95누6946 판결(공1995하, 3435), 대법원 1996. 2. 9. 선고 95누16769 판결(공1996상, 982), 대법원 1997. 11. 14. 선고 97누13009 판결(공1997하, 3880), 대법원 1999. 9. 3. 선고 99다24744 판결(공1999하, 2049)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 3,646자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 상고인】 원고 (소송대리인 변호사 박종우)

【피고, 피상고인】 근로복지공단

【원심판결】 서울고법 2005. 4. 7. 선고 2004누25689 판결

【주 문】

원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 서울고등법원에 환송한다.

【이 유】 1. 원심의 사실인정과 판단의 요지

원심은, 그 채택 증거들을 종합하여, 원고의 남편인 소외인(이하, '망인'이라 한다)은 2004. 2. 15. 영월군수와 사이에 근로계약을 체결하고 일용직 산불감시원으로 종사하던 중, 같은 해 2. 21. 08:37경 영월군 주천면 용석2리에 있는 집에서 오토바이를 타고 영월군 주천면사무소로 출근하다가 같은 면 금마4리 소재 바둑골 3번 군도 위에서 오른쪽으로 굽은 도로를 제대로 회전하지 못하고 미끄러지면서 오토바이와 함께 중앙선을 침범한 결과 마주 오던 5t 트럭과 충돌하여 다발성 두개골 손상 등을 입고 사망한 사실, 원고는 2004. 3. 8. 피고에게 망인의 사망이 업무상의 재해에 해당한다고 주장하면서 유족급여 및 장의비의 지급을 청구하였으나, 피고는 같은 해 4. 1. 망인의 사망이 산업재해보상보험법 시행규칙 제35조 제4항 제1호가 규정하고 있는 "사업주가 근로자의 출·퇴근용으로 제공한 교통수단의 이용 중에 발생한 재해"에 해당하지 아니한다는 이유로 부지급처분을 한 사실, 망인은 산불감시원으로 공휴일 없이(눈이나 비 오는 날 제외) 09:00부터 17:00까지 일당 33,000원씩 받고 자기 소유 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시 업무를 수행하게 되었는데, 노선버스가 있기는 하지만 자주 다니지 않는 관계로 위 오토바이를 이용하여 주천면사무소로 출근한 후 전날의 근무사항을 일지에 기록하여 보고하고 담당자로부터 당일 근무할 내용을 전달받은 다음 위 오토바이로 자신이 맡은 산불감시구역인 주천면 금마1, 2리로 가서 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시업무를 수행하는데 통상 12km 정도의 1회 순찰거리를 업무종료시인 17:00까지 여러 차례 순찰한 후 주천면사무소로 돌아가지 아니하고 현장에서 바로 위 오토바이를 이용하여 귀가한 사실, 한편 망인은 그 소유인 위 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시업무를 수행하는 것을 조건으로 하여 채용되었고, 산불감시 대상 임야가 매우 넓은 관계 등으로 도보나 자전거와 같은 교통수단을 이용한 업무수행은 상당히 곤란한 사실, 그러나 영월군이나 주천면에서는 망인이 출·퇴근(사회통념상 출·퇴근 방법과 경로의 선택이 제한되어 근로자가 다른 출·퇴근방법과 경로를 선택할 것을 기대하기 어려운 상황이었다면 그러한 상황하에서의 출·퇴근행위는 일반적으로 출·퇴근 방법과 경로의 선택이 근로자에게 유보되어 있다고 할 수 없어 사업주의 지배·관리하에 있다고 봄이 상당하다)을 위 오토바이로 하는지 여부에 관하여는 일체 관여하지 않았으며, 망인에게 유류비 등 차량유지비를 별도로 지급하지도 않은 사실 등을 인정한 다음, 비록 대중교통수단을 이용하기가 쉽지 않은 지역에서 더욱이 망인이 산불감시업무를 수행하기 위하여서 오토바이 등 차량의 이용이 필수적이었고, 이에 따라 영월군수가 망인을 채용할 당시에도 오토바이 등의 소유자로서 이를 이용하여 업무수행이 가능한 사람을 채용조건으로 삼았다고 하더라도, 이러한 사유만으로 위 오토바이를 사업주가 제공하거나 사업주가 제공한 교통수단에 준하는 것으로 볼 수 없는 것이고, 또 위 오토바이에 대한 관리·사용권한이 망인에게 있을 뿐만 아니라, 출·퇴근방법이나 경로의 선택 등이 망인에게 전담되어 있었던 것이라고 봄이 상당하므로 이 같은 상황에서 담당구역과 상당히 떨어진 곳에서 망인이 중앙선을 침범하여 일으킨 이 사건 사고가 영월군의 지배·관리하에서 발생한 사고라고 할 수 없고, 출근의 방법이 업무수행에 필수적인 이동수단을 이용하여 업무수행 장소에 도착하는 것이라는 사유만으로 이를 업무수행에 수반되는 업무준비행위라고 할 수도 없으므로 이 사건 사고로 인한 망인의 사망은 업무상 재해에 해당한다고 볼 수 없다고 판단하였다.

2. 대법원의 판단

그러나 원심의 판단은 다음과 같은 이유로 그대로 수긍하기 어렵다.

산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1호 소정의 업무상의 재해라 함은 근로자가 사업주와의 근로계약에 기하여 사업주의 지배·관리하에서 당해 근로업무의 수행 또는 그에 수반되는 통상적인 활동을 하는 과정에서 이러한 업무에 기인하여 발생한 재해를 말하는데, 근로자의 출·퇴근시에 발생한 재해는 비록 출·퇴근이 노무의 제공이라는 업무와 밀접·불가분의 관계에 있다 하더라도, 일반적으로 출·퇴근 방법과 경로의 선택이 근로자에게 유보되어 있어 통상 사업주의 지배·관리하에 있다고 할 수 없으므로, 출·퇴근 중에 발생한 재해가 업무상의 재해가 되기 위하여는 사업주가 제공한 교통수단을 근로자가 이용하거나 또는 사업주가 이에 준하는 교통수단을 이용하도록 하는 등 근로자의 출·퇴근과정이 사업주의 지배·관리하에 있다고 볼 수 있는 경우여야 한다(대법원 1999. 12. 24. 선고 99두9025 판결 참조).

원심이 적법하게 확정한 사실과 기록에 의하면, 망인은 자기 소유의 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시업무를 수행하는 것을 조건으로 채용되었을 뿐 아니라 망인의 집에서 주천면사무소까지의 출근거리가 약 15km나 되고 출근시간에 맞추어 도착할 수 있는 대중교통수단도 없으므로 오토바이를 이용하여 출근할 수밖에 없는 점, 망인은 자신이 맡은 담당구역으로 직접 출근하는 것이 아니고 주천면사무소로 출근하여 전날의 근무상황을 근무일지에 기록·보고하고 산업계장 등 담당자로부터 당일 근무할 내용을 지시받은 후 위 오토바이를 타고 자신이 맡은 담당구역인 주천면 금마1, 2리로 가서 위 오토바이를 이용하여 산불감시업무를 수행하게 되어있는 점, 망인이 맡은 산불감시대상지역은 1회 순찰거리가 12km 정도로 매우 넓은 관계 등으로 도보나 자전거와 같은 교통수단을 이용한 업무수행은 곤란하다고 보이는 점, 망인은 산불감시업무를 업무종료시인 17:00에 마친 후 주천면사무소로 돌아가지 않고 근무현장에서 바로 위 오토바이를 이용하여 귀가하도록 되어 있는 점, 한편 망인이 집에서 주천면사무소로 출근함에 있어서 선택한 경로는 망인의 집과 주천면 사이의 최단경로로서 합리적인 경로라고 볼 수 있는 점 등을 종합하면, 사회통념상 망인이 오토바이가 아닌 다른 출근방법과 다른 경로를 선택하리라는 것을 사실상 기대하기 어려울 뿐만 아니라, 망인이 오토바이를 이용하여 출근하는 것은 그 자신의 출근의 방법이기도 함과 동시에 그 업무수행에 필수적인 이동수단을 준비하여 업무수행 장소에 도착하는 것으로서 업무의 준비행위에 해당한다고 볼 수 있다 할 것이므로 이러한 상황하에서 망인이 오토바이를 이용하여 최단경로로 출근하는 과정은 사업주인 영월군의 지배·관리하에 있었다고 봄이 상당하고, 그 과정에서 망인이 이 사건 사고를 당하여 사망한 이상 망인의 사망은 업무상 재해에 해당한다고 할 것이다.

그럼에도 불구하고, 원심은 이와는 달리 그 판시와 같은 이유만으로 망인의 사망이 업무상 재해에 해당하지 않는다고 판단하였는바, 이러한 원심의 판단에는 산업재해보상보험법 제4조 제1항의 규정에 의한 업무상 재해나 출근재해에 관한 법리를 오해한 위법이 있다 할 것이고, 이를 지적하는 원고의 상고이유의 주장은 이유가 있다.

3. 그러므로 원심판결을 파기하고, 사건을 다시 심리·판단하게 하기 위하여 원심법원에 환송하기로 관여 대법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

대법관 고현철(재판장) 윤재식 강신욱(주심)

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