Workbear재주넘는곰
대법원 92다32357

Severance Pay (퇴직금) Case퇴직금

Decided1992. 11. 27. Court대법원Worker(s) won
AI-generated English translation (summary, key points, decision summary and full text) for reference only — not an official translation and without legal effect. The Korean original below is authoritative.
AI Easy read — AI summary of this decision
AI-generated summary for reference only — the Korean original below is authoritative.

The Supreme Court ruled that it was invalid for Korea Expressway Corporation (한국도로공사), a government-invested institution, to unilaterally amend its severance pay regulations (퇴직급여규정) to the disadvantage of employees without their consent. The Court confirmed that the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) applies even to government-invested institutions, and any disadvantageous change to working conditions requires the consent of the employee group (근로자집단). Business difficulties or government policy alone were held insufficient to justify stripping employees of their vested rights (기득권).

Key takeaways
  • CaseIncident: Korea Expressway Corporation unilaterally amended its severance pay regulations in a way that disadvantaged employees, without obtaining their consent.
  • OutcomeResult: The Supreme Court ruled that since the Labor Standards Act applies even to government-invested institutions, the disadvantageous amendment made without employee consent was invalid.
  • LessonLesson: Whether a company is public or private, any unfavorable change to working conditions such as severance pay must be made only with the employees' consent.
Issues
  • Whether the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) applies to government-invested institutions
  • Whether a disadvantageous amendment to severance pay regulations made without employee consent is valid
  • Whether business difficulties can justify the reasonableness of a disadvantageous change to working conditions
  • Whether an invalid regulatory amendment can later be validated through implied ratification
Key reasoning

The Labor Standards Act applies to government-invested institutions just as it does to private companies. Under Korean labor law, any amendment to work rules or regulations that disadvantages employees requires the collective consent of the affected employee group. Merely citing corporate financial difficulties or compliance with government policy does not meet the standard of 'social reasonableness' (사회통념상 합리성) needed to justify such unilateral changes. Therefore, without employee consent, the amendment stripping employees of their vested severance pay rights was deemed invalid and unenforceable.

Summary of Decision (English, AI translation)

1. The former Government-Invested Enterprises Management Act (정부투자기관관리법) and the former Government-Invested Enterprises Budget and Accounting Act (정부투자기관예산회계법), which were repealed by the Basic Act on the Management of Government-Invested Institutions (정부투자기관관리기본법), differ from the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) in their legislative purposes and the matters they regulate, and thus cannot be regarded as special statutes in relation to the Labor Standards Act. Moreover, none of the individual provisions of the aforementioned Acts lay down special rules, as against the Labor Standards Act, concerning working conditions such as the remuneration and retirement allowances of executives and employees of government-invested institutions. Accordingly, matters concerning working conditions such as the remuneration and retirement allowances of executives and employees of government-invested institutions are likewise subject to the Labor Standards Act. Even though Article 17(1) of the Basic Act on the Management of Government-Invested Institutions, which took effect together with the repeal of the aforementioned Acts, provides that the remuneration of employees of government-invested institutions shall be determined by the board of directors in accordance with the guidelines of the Minister of the Economic Planning Board, this provision cannot be interpreted as validating a resolution whose content deprives employees of their vested rights or interests concerning retirement allowances.

2. Even if government-invested institutions, having paid remuneration and retirement allowances to their employees at levels far higher than those of ordinary public officials under the difficult economic conditions of the early 1980s and thereby having engaged in irrational management resulting in financial difficulties, amended the retirement benefit regulations to the disadvantage of employees in accordance with government policy in order to remedy this situation, it cannot be recognized that there exists such reasonableness, in light of common social understanding, as would obviate the need to obtain the consent of the collective body of workers.

3. A case holding that the mere facts that employees had received their retirement allowances without objection, and that, upon concluding a collective agreement between the labor union formed after the amendment of the retirement benefit regulations and the employer, it was agreed that matters not specified in the collective agreement would be governed by the employer's relevant regulations, cannot be deemed to constitute ratification of the amendment of the retirement benefit regulations, which was invalid.

Full text (English, AI translation) 4,842 chars

[Plaintiff, Appellee]

[Defendant, Appellant] Korea Expressway Corporation (한국도로공사), Attorney Lee Young-jun and 1 other, Litigation Representatives

[Judgment Below] Suwon District Court Decision 91Na7955, decided June 12, 1992

[Order]

The appeal is dismissed.
The costs of the appeal shall be borne by the Defendant.

[Reasoning]

We examine the grounds of appeal.

As to Ground No. 1
The Government-Invested Enterprises Management Act (정부투자기관관리법, Act No. 2477, enacted February 6, 1973, repealed March 1, 1984 upon the enforcement of the Framework Act on the Management of Government-Invested Enterprises) and the Government-Invested Enterprises Budget and Accounting Act (정부투자기관예산회계법, Act No. 1119, enacted August 13, 1962, repealed for the same reason on March 1, 1984) differ from the Labor Standards Act (근로기준법) in their legislative purposes and the matters they regulate, and therefore cannot be regarded as special laws superseding the Labor Standards Act in its entirety. Furthermore, since none of the individual provisions of the above Acts contains any special provision, as against the Labor Standards Act, concerning working conditions such as the remuneration and retirement allowances of executives and employees of government-invested enterprises, matters concerning the working conditions of such executives and employees, including remuneration and retirement allowances, remain subject to the Labor Standards Act. Moreover, even though Article 17, Paragraph 1 of the Framework Act on the Management of Government-Invested Enterprises (정부투자기관관리기본법, Act No. 3690, enacted December 31, 1983), which came into force together with the repeal of the above Acts, provides that the remuneration of employees of government-invested enterprises shall be determined by the board of directors in accordance with the guidelines of the Minister of the Economic Planning Board, this provision cannot be interpreted to mean that it validates a resolution whose content deprives employees of vested rights or interests concerning their retirement allowances (see this Court's Decisions 90Da15457, decided March 12, 1991; 91Na30835, decided June 23, 1992, etc.).

The lower court's determination, in accordance with the above legal principle, that the disadvantageous amendment of the retirement benefit regulations at issue in this case is invalid because it was not consented to by the collective decision-making method of the employees to whom it applied, is deemed to be justified and acceptable, and there is no error of misapprehension of the law regarding the respective statutory provisions pointed out in the argument. This ground for appeal is without merit.

As to Ground No. 2
Even if, as pointed out in the argument, government-invested enterprises including the Defendant Corporation operated unreasonably under the difficult economic conditions of the early 1980s—paying remuneration and retirement allowances to their employees at levels far higher than those of ordinary public officials, thereby increasing the tax burden on the public while experiencing financial difficulties—and the amendment of the retirement benefit regulations at issue was made pursuant to a policy adopted by the Government to correct such practices, this does not establish that there existed such reasonableness, in the sense generally accepted in society, as would obviate the need to obtain the consent of the collective body of workers (see this Court's Order 89Daka24780, decided March 13, 1990). This ground for appeal is also without merit.

As to Ground No. 3
The lower court rejected the Defendant's argument that the invalid amendment of the retirement benefit regulations had been ratified, holding that circumstances such as the fact that the Defendant's employees had, up to that point, received their retirement allowances without objection, or that the labor union formed after the amendment of the retirement benefit regulations and the Defendant had concluded a collective agreement providing for the restoration of the progressive retirement allowance system, and had further agreed that matters not provided for in the collective agreement would be governed by the Defendant Corporation's relevant regulations, were insufficient by themselves to constitute ratification of the invalid amendment of the retirement benefit regulations. Upon examination of the record, the above determination of the lower court is justified, and there is no error of misapprehension of the law concerning ratification as pointed out in the argument. This ground for appeal is likewise without merit.

Therefore, the appeal is dismissed, and the costs of the appeal are to be borne by the Defendant, the losing party. This judgment is rendered as set forth in the Order, with the unanimous concurrence of the Justices participating in the decision.

【판결요지】

가. 정부투자기관관리기본법에 의하여 폐지된 구 정부투자기관관리법과 구 정부투자기관예산회계법은 근로기준법과는 입법목적과 규정사항들을 달리하므로 근로기준법의 특별법이라 볼 수 없을 뿐 아니라 위 각 법률의 개별 조항에 있어서도 정부투자기관 임직원의 보수, 퇴직금 등 근로조건에 관하여 근로기준법에 대한 특칙을 규정한 바도 없기 때문에 정부투자기관 임직원의 보수, 퇴직금 등 근로조건에 관한 사항은 역시 근로기준법의 적용을 받는다 할 것이고, 위 각 법률의 폐지와 함께 시행되고 있는 정부투자기관관리기본법 제17조 제1항이 정부투자기관 직원의 보수를 경제기획원 장관의 지침에 의거하여 이사회가 정하도록 규정하였다고 하여 그것이 직원의 퇴직금에 관한 기득의 권리나 이익을 박탈하는 내용의 결의를 유효하게 할 수 있다는 취지로 해석되지 아니한다.

나. 정부투자기관들이 1980년대 초의 어려운 경제여건하에서 직원에 대한 보수와 퇴직금을 일반 공무원들보다 훨씬 높은 수준으로 지급하여 재정난을 겪는 등 불합리한 운영을 하여 왔으므로 이를 시정하기 위하여 정부의 방침에 따라 퇴직급여규정을 직원들에게 불이익하게 개정한 것이라 하더라도 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 않아도 될 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있다고 인정되지 아니한다.

다. 직원들이 이의 없이 퇴직금을 수령하여 오고, 퇴직급여규정 개정 이후 결성된 노동조합과 사용자 사이에 단체협약을 체결하면서 단체협약에서 정하지 않은 사항에 관하여는 사용자측의 관계 규정에 따르기로 하였다는 등의 사정만으로 무효인 퇴직급여규정의 개정을 추인한 것으로 볼 수 없다고 한 사례.

【참조조문】

가.나.다. 근로기준법 제28조, 제95조 제1항 / 가. 구 정부투자기관관리법(1983.12.31 법률 제3690호 정부투자기관관리기본법에 의하여 폐지) 제1조, 구 정부투자기관예산회계법(1983.12.31 법률 제3690호 정부투자기관관리기본법에 의하여 폐지) 제1조, 정부투자기관관리기본법 제17조 제1항, 제21조

【참조판례】

가.나. 대법원 1990.3.13. 자 89다카24780 결정(공1990,882) / 가.다. 대법원 1991.3.12. 선고 90다15457 판결(공1991,1171) / 가. 대법원 1992.6.23. 선고 91다30835 판결(공1992,2233) / 나. 대법원 1978.9.12. 선고 78다1046 판결(공1979,11477), 1989.5.9. 선고 88다카4277 판결(공1989,888)

【주문】·【이유】 전문 1,684자 · 펼쳐 보기

【원고, 피상고인】

【피고, 상고인】 한국도로공사 소송대리인 변호사 이영준 외 1인

【원심판결】 수원지방법원 1992.6.12. 선고 91나7955 판결

【주 문】

상고를 기각한다.

상고비용은 피고의 부담으로 한다.

【이 유】 상고이유를 본다.

제1점에 대하여

정부투자기관관리법(1973.2.6. 법률 제2477호, 정부투자기관관리기본법의 시행에 따라 1984.3.1. 폐지)과 정부투자기관예산회계법(1962.8.13. 법률 제1119호, 같은 사유로 1984.3.1. 폐지)은 근로기준법과는 입법목적과 규정사항들을 달리하므로 전면적으로 근로기준법의 특별법이라 볼 수 없을 뿐 아니라 위 각 법률의 개별 조항에 있어서도 정부투자기관 임직원의 보수, 퇴직금 등 근로조건에 관하여 근로기준법에 대한 특칙을 규정한 바도 없기 때문에 정부투자기관 임직원의 보수, 퇴직금 등 근로조건에 관한 사항은 역시 근로기준법의 적용을 받는다 할 것이고, 또 위 각 법률의 폐지와 함께 시행되고 있는 정부투자기관관리기본법(1983.12.31. 법률 제3690호) 제17조 제1항이 정부투자기관 직원의 보수를 경제기획원 장관의 지침에 의거하여 이사회가 정하도록 규정하였다고 하여 그것이 직원의 퇴직금에 관한 기득의 권리나 이익을 박탈하는 내용의 결의를 유효하게 할 수 있다는 취지로 해석되지도 아니한다 ( 당원 1991.3.12. 선고 90다15457 판결; 1992.6.23. 선고 91나30835 판결 등 참조).

원심이 위와 같은 법리에 따라 이 사건에서 문제된 퇴직급여규정의 불이익한 개정이 그 적용을 받는 소속 직원들의 집단의사결정방법에 의한 동의를 받지 아니하여 효력이 없다고 본 것은 정당한 것으로 수긍이 되고, 거기에 소론이 지적하는 각 법조에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다 할 수 없다. 논지는 이유 없다.

제2점에 대하여

소론이 지적하는 바와 같이 피고 공사를 포함한 정부투자기관들이 1980년대 초의 어려운 경제여건하에서 국민의 조세부담을 가중시키면서도 그 직원에 대한 보수와 퇴직금은 일반 공무원들보다 훨씬 높은 수준으로 지급하여 재정난을 겪는 등 불합리한 운영을 하여 왔으므로 이를 시정하기 위하여 정부가 취한 방침에 따라 위와 같은 퇴직급여규정의 개정이 이루어진 것이라 하더라도 거기에 근로자집단의 동의를 받지 않아도 될 만한 사회통념상의 합리성이 있는 것으로 인정되지는 아니한다( 당원 1990.3.13. 자 89다카24780 결정 참조). 논지도 이유 없다.

제3점에 대하여

원심은 피고의 직원들이 지금까지 이의 없이 퇴직금을 수령해 왔다든가 위 퇴직급여규정의 개정 이후에 결성된 노동조합과 피고가 퇴직금제도를 누진제로 환원한다는 내용의 단체협약을 체결하고 또 단체협약에서 정하지 아니한 사항의 규율에 관하여는 피고 공사의 관계 규정에 따르기로 하였다는 등의 사정만으로는 무효인 위 퇴직급여규정의 개정을 추인한 것으로 볼 수 없다 하여 이에 관한 피고의 주장을 배척하였는바, 기록에 비추어 보면 원심의 위와 같은 조치는 정당하고, 거기에 소론이 지적하는 추인에 관한 법리오해의 위법이 있다할 수 없다. 논지도 또한 이유 없다.

그러므로 상고를 기각하고 상고비용은 패소자인 피고의 부담으로 하기로 관여 법관의 의견이 일치되어 주문과 같이 판결한다.

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